Etude des transferts thermiques en hélium superfluide dans les milieux poreux

Pour la future génération d’aimants supraconducteurs à hauts champs magnétiques refroidis avec de l’hélium superfluide comme les prochains aimants développés pour l’amélioration des performances du Large Hadron Collider (LHC), les ingénieurs prennent en considération l’utilisation de supraconducteurs en niobium-étain. Dans leur environnement, ces aimants supraconducteurs vont être soumis à des pertes thermiques bien plus importantes que celles des aimants actuels des accélérateurs de particules. Alors que la résistance thermique due aux isolations électriques des câbles supraconducteurs constitue la principale résistance thermique au refroidissement, un nouveau type d’isolation, à base de céramique poreuse, est considéré. Afin de comprendre la capacité de refroidissement et la stabilité thermique de ces aimants, il devient alors nécessaire d’étudier les transferts thermiques en hélium superfluide dans les milieux poreux. Dans ce but, plusieurs dispositifs expérimentaux ont été mis au point afin de tester des milieux poreux modèles dont on connaît les principales caractéristiques (taille de pore, porosité, épaisseur). Par ailleurs, une étude théorique utilisant une méthode de changement d’échelle de type prise de moyenne volumique a permis d’obtenir une modélisation macroscopique des phénomènes étudiés et a montré la validité de la loi de Darcy en hélium superfluide sous certaines hypothèses. Ceci a été vérifié par des simulations numériques directes. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis de mettre en exergue différents résultats ; tout d’abord, le régime d’écoulement est fonction de la taille des pores. Pour les pores les plus petits (10-7 et 10-6 m), le régime d’écoulement est le régime de Landau et ceci a permis de calculer la perméabilité en He II. Pour des tailles de pores de 10-5 m, le régime d’écoulement est le régime de Gorter-Mellink et les transferts de chaleur ont pu être modélisés à partir de la loi de Gorter-Mellink en introduisant la notion de tortuosité. ABSTRACT : For the next generation of high field magnets cooled with superfluid helium like magnets for the next particles accelerator or the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), engineers are taking into consideration the use of Nb3Sn superconductors. In their environment, these superconducting magnets will undergo much higher heat losses than in current particles accelerator. Since the thermal resistance due to the electrical insulations of the superconducting cables constitutes the main thermal resistance for cooling, new type of insulation, based on ceramic materials, are considered. In order to understand the cooling capacity and the thermal stability of these magnets, it is necessary to investigate the heat transfer through porous media in superfluid helium. In this purpose, several experiments were set up in order to study porous medium models for which we know the main characteristics (average pore size, porosity, thickness). Also, a theoretical study using an up-scaling method of type volume averaging allowed a macroscopic modeling of the studied phenomena and showed that Darcy’s law is valid in superfluid helium under given hypothesis. This has been verified by direct numerical simulations. Experimental results allowed to highlight several results; first, the flow regime depends on the pore size diameter. For the smallest pore (10-7 and 10-6 m), the flow regime is the Landau regime and this permitted to calculate the permeability in He II. For an average pore size of 10-5 m, the flow regime is the Gorter-Mellink regime and heat transfer were modeled using the Gorter-Mellink’s law by introducing the notion of tortuosity

Investigation of suitability of the method of volume averaging for the study of heat transfer in superconducting accelerator magnet cooled by superfluid helium.

In the field of applied superconductivity, there is a growing need to better understand heat transfers in superconducting accelerator magnets. Depending on the engineering point of view looked at, either 0-D, 1-D, 2D or 3D modeling may be needed. Because of the size of these magnets, alone or coupled together, it is yet, impossible to study this numerically for computational reasons alone without simplification in the description of the geometry and the physics. The main idea of this study is to consider the interior of a superconducting accelerator magnet as a porous medium and to apply methods used in the field of por-ous media physics to obtain the equations that model heat transfers of a superconducting accelerator magnet in different configurations (steady-state, beam losses, quench, etc.) with minimal compromises to the physics and geometry. Since the interior of a superconducting magnet is made of coils, collars and yoke filled with liquid helium, creating channels that interconnect the helium inside the magnet, an upscaling method provides models that describe heat transfer at the magnet scale and are suitable for numerical studies. This paper presents concisely the method and an example of application for super-conducting accelerator magnet cooled by superfluid helium in the steady-state regime in considering the thermal point of view

Superfluid Helium Flow in Porous Media

Superfluid helium is primarily used in the field of applied superconductivity. Given the complexity of the magnet geometry and the scales involved, a real 3D simulation of heat transfer in such devices at the micro-channel scale is very difficult, even impossible. However, the repeatability or even periodicity of the structure suggests the possibility of a macro-scale description following a porous medium approach. Which macro-scale model may be used? This largely remains an open field while some answers have been proposed based on experimental or theoretical work

Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer in a Forced Flow of He II

In this paper, we use the complete two-fluid model to simulate transient heat transfer for a forced flow of He II at high Reynolds number following the setup of the experiments performed by Fuzier, S. and Van Sciver, S., “Experimental measurements and modeling of transient heat transfer in forced flow of He II at high velocities,” Cryogenics, 48(3–4), pp. 130 – 137, (2008). A particular attention has been paid to the heat increase due to forced flow without external warming. The simulation are performed using HellFOAM , the helium superfluid simulator based on the OpenFOAM technology. Simulations results are then compared to the experimental data

Maturation of the GABAergic Transmission in Normal and Pathologic Motoneurons

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting on Cl−-permeable ionotropic type A (GABAA) receptors (GABAAR) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates. In immature brain structures, GABA exerts depolarizing effects mostly contributing to the expression of spontaneous activities that are instructive for the construction of neural networks but GABA also acts as a potent trophic factor. In the present paper, we concentrate on brainstem and spinal motoneurons that are largely targeted by GABAergic interneurons, and we bring together data on the switch from excitatory to inhibitory effects of GABA, on the maturation of the GABAergic system and GABAAR subunits. We finally discuss the role of GABA and its GABAAR in immature hypoglossal motoneurons of the spastic (SPA) mouse, a model of human hyperekplexic syndrome

Breeding strategies and programmes

This section serves as an update of the overview of the state of the art in genetic improvement methods presented in the first report on The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (first SoW-AnGR) (FAO, 2007a).1 The importance of appropriate breeding strategies and programmes is highlighted throughout the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources (FAO, 2007b), particularly in Strategic Priority Area 2, Sustainable Use and Development. The material presented in the first SoW-AnGR included an overview of the “context for genetic improvement”, which described both the factors influencing the objectives of breeding programmes (market demands, wider societal concerns about the nature and impacts of livestock production, the need to provide animals suitable for a diverse range of production environments, growing recognition of the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in livestock populations, etc.) and the latest scientific and technological developments in the field. This was followed by a description of the various activities or “elements” that make up a breeding programme and then by a review of the current state of breeding programmes by production system (high input vs. low input) and by species. Much of this material remains relevant. While the livestock sector is continuously evolving (see Part 2), the challenges that breeding programmes have to contend with remain broadly similar to those that existed at the time the first SoW-AnGR was prepared (2005/2006). Similarly, the basic constituent elements of a typical breeding programme have not changed

Studies of heat transfer in superfluid helium through porous media

Pour la future génération d’aimants supraconducteurs à hauts champs magnétiques refroidis avec de l’hélium superfluide comme les prochains aimants développés pour l’amélioration des performances du Large Hadron Collider (LHC), les ingénieurs prennent en considération l’utilisation de supraconducteurs en niobium-étain. Dans leur environnement, ces aimants supraconducteurs vont être soumis à des pertes thermiques bien plus importantes que celles des aimants actuels des accélérateurs de particules. Alors que la résistance thermique due aux isolations électriques des câbles supraconducteurs constitue la principale résistance thermique au refroidissement, un nouveau type d’isolation, à base de céramique poreuse, est considéré. Afin de comprendre la capacité de refroidissement et la stabilité thermique de ces aimants, il devient alors nécessaire d’étudier les transferts thermiques en hélium superfluide dans les milieux poreux. Dans ce but, plusieurs dispositifs expérimentaux ont été mis au point afin de tester des milieux poreux modèles dont on connaît les principales caractéristiques (taille de pore, porosité, épaisseur). Par ailleurs, une étude théorique utilisant une méthode de changement d’échelle de type prise de moyenne volumique a permis d’obtenir une modélisation macroscopique des phénomènes étudiés et a montré la validité de la loi de Darcy en hélium superfluide sous certaines hypothèses. Ceci a été vérifié par des simulations numériques directes. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis de mettre en exergue différents résultats ; tout d’abord, le régime d’écoulement est fonction de la taille des pores. Pour les pores les plus petits (10-7 et 10-6 m), le régime d’écoulement est le régime de Landau et ceci a permis de calculer la perméabilité en He II. Pour des tailles de pores de 10-5 m, le régime d’écoulement est le régime de Gorter-Mellink et les transferts de chaleur ont pu être modélisés à partir de la loi de Gorter-Mellink en introduisant la notion de tortuositéFor the next generation of high field magnets cooled with superfluid helium like magnets for the next particles accelerator or the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), engineers are taking into consideration the use of Nb3Sn superconductors. In their environment, these superconducting magnets will undergo much higher heat losses than in current particles accelerator. Since the thermal resistance due to the electrical insulations of the superconducting cables constitutes the main thermal resistance for cooling, new type of insulation, based on ceramic materials, are considered. In order to understand the cooling capacity and the thermal stability of these magnets, it is necessary to investigate the heat transfer through porous media in superfluid helium. In this purpose, several experiments were set up in order to study porous medium models for which we know the main characteristics (average pore size, porosity, thickness). Also, a theoretical study using an up-scaling method of type volume averaging allowed a macroscopic modeling of the studied phenomena and showed that Darcy’s law is valid in superfluid helium under given hypothesis. This has been verified by direct numerical simulations. Experimental results allowed to highlight several results; first, the flow regime depends on the pore size diameter. For the smallest pore (10-7 and 10-6 m), the flow regime is the Landau regime and this permitted to calculate the permeability in He II. For an average pore size of 10-5 m, the flow regime is the Gorter-Mellink regime and heat transfer were modeled using the Gorter-Mellink’s law by introducing the notion of tortuosit

L'Intérêt de la mémantine dans la prise en charge des patients atteints par le maladie d'Alzheimer

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocRENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocSudocFranceF