Anti Quorum Sensing Activity of Kayu Manis Leaves Extracts (Cinnamomun Burmannii Ness. Ex Bl.) Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Quorum sensing is a communication system among bacterial cells which correlates with biofilm formation. Biofilm can protect bacteria from environment including antibiotic of which can cause higher antibiotic concentration of 100 up to 1000 times. Inhibition of quorum sensing is expected to inhibit the biofilm formation. The cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. Ex Bl.) has been known to have antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Leaves are available abundantly which urges a research to find out the activity as anti quorum sensing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The succesive maceration of dried pulverized leaves produced hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. Antibacterial activity was observed by microdillution method with MTT assay. Afterwards, the active extract was examined for anti quorum sensing activity by diffusion method in cetrimide Agar. Quorum sensing activity was shown by dark zone (opaque) growth around sample application, observed under UV light of 366 nm. TLC bioautography method was done to observe the active spots by using silica gel F254 as the stationary phase, chloroform-methanol (6:1 v/v) as the mobile phase, loading sample used was 1.25 mg and 30 min of plate contact duration. The ethyl acetate extract inhibited growth of P. aeruginosa with shown by MIC at 8 µg/µL Quorum sensing as well as growth inhibition activities were observed at loading samples 12,5 and 25 mg/wells, while at 6,25 mg the extract only exhibited quorum sensing inhibition. Presences of substances having phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid and aldehyde/keton as functional groups were detected by TLC method of the extract but no active spot identified on bioautography

IMPLEMENTASI STANDAR MUTU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH NEGERI (SMP) NEGERI 1 SUKOREJO PASURUAN

 Peningkatan mutu Pembelajaran Agama Islam membuat guru memiliki peran yang sangat penting. Keberhasilan dalam pembelajaran bermutu terletak pada strategi pembelajaran. SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo merupakan lembaga pendidikan negeri dengan dengan peserta didik yang memiliki prestasi akademik dan non-akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa strategi pembelajaran pendidikan agama Islam (PAI) di SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan dan mutu pembelajaran pendidikan agama Islam (PAI) di SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisa data dilakukan dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Subjek penelitian adalah kepala sekolah, waka kurikulum, guru PAI, dan peserta didik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) standar mutu proses di SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo meliputi, standar mutu perencanaan, standar mutu pelaksanaan, standar mutu penilaian, dan standar mutu pengawasan PAI; 2) pencapaian standar mutu proses di SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo adalah penyusunan rencana pembelajaran, pelaksanaan pembelajaran, pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran secara berkala, penerapan model strategi PAKEM dalam proses pembelajaran, dan pelaksanaan peningkatan profesionalitas guru; 3) implikasi strategi guru PAI dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo. Kata kunci: implementasi, pembelajaran, PAI In an effort to improve the quality of Islamic religious learning, teachers have a very important role. Success in quality learning could not be separated from learning strategies. SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo is a state educational institution with excellent education with students meeting the requirements for academic and non-academic achievements. This study aims to analyze the learning strategy of Islamic religious education at SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan and the quality of learning Islamic religious education at SMPN 1 Sukorejo Pasuruan. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data was collected by using interview techniques, participatory observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Research informants were obtained from school principals, waka curriculum, PAI teachers, and students. The results showed that: 1) the quality standards of the process in SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo include, the quality standards of PAI learning planning, the quality standards of the implementation of PAI learning, the quality standards of PAI assessment, and the quality standards of PAI supervision, 2) the achievement of the quality standards of the process in SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo is the preparation of learning plans, implementation of learning, implementation of periodic learning evaluations, application of the PAKEM strategy model in the learning process, and implementation of teacher professionalism improvement, and 3) the implications of implementing PAI teacher strategies in improving the quality of PAI learning in SMP Negeri 1 Sukorejo. Keywords: implementation, learning, Islamic religion learning.

Phytochemical compounds and the effect of ‘bangunbangun’ leaves (Coleus amboinicus, L.) water extract on phagocytosis activity of neutrophil cell rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Traditional medicine has been recognized and widely used in Indonesia for healthy care or alternative medication in certain diseases. However, without scientific evidence, traditional medicine of empirical evidence cannot be used for modern health medication. This research was designed to find out the mains compound despite of Bangun-bangun aqueous extract from Kaliurang district using phytochemistry analysis such as Thin Layer Chromatography method and determine the effect on neutrophil cell activities by observing their phagocytosis. The result showed that the main compounds of Bangun-bangun leaves from Kaliurang district are polyphenol, saponin, flavonol glycoside and essential oil. Administration of the extract with the doses of Bangun-bangun leaves treatment 19,0 g/kg bw/oral/day (group A) and 31,5 g/kg bw/oral/day (group B) increased neutrophil cell phagocytosis up to 50% and 60 %, respectively, compared to those of controls which is 10% during 30 days treatment. Neutrophil cell phagocytosis in group B and C capability increase up to 80% (

DAYA ANTI QUORUM SENSING EKSTRAK DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomun burmannii Ness. Ex Bl.) TERHADAP Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Quorum sensing is a communication system among bacterial cells which correlates with biofilm formation. Biofilm can protect bacteria from environment including antibiotic of which can cause higher antibiotic concentration of 100 up to 1000 times. Inhibition of quorum sensing is expected to inhibit the biofilm formation. The cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. Ex Bl.) has been known to have antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Leaves are available abundantly which urges a research to find out the activity as anti quorum sensing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The succesive maceration of dried pulverized leaves produced hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.  Antibacterial activity was observed by microdillution method with MTT assay. Afterwards, the active extract was examined for anti quorum sensing activity by diffusion method in cetrimide Agar. Quorum sensing activity was shown by dark zone (opaque) growth around sample application, observed under UV light of 366 nm. TLC bioautography method was done to observe the active spots by using silica gel F254 as the stationary phase, chloroform-methanol (6:1 v/v) as the mobile phase, loading sample used was 1.25 mg and 30 min of plate contact duration. The ethyl acetate extract inhibited growth of  P. aeruginosa with shown by MIC at 8 µg/µL Quorum sensing as well as growth inhibition activities were observed at loading samples 12,5 and 25 mg/wells, while at 6,25 mg the extract only exhibited quorum sensing inhibition. Presences of substances having phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid and aldehyde/keton as functional groups were detected by TLC method of the extract but no active spot identified on bioautography.Quorum sensing adalah sistem komunikasi antar sel bakteri. Perkembangan biofilm diatur oleh quorum sensing. Biofilm dapat melindungi bakteri dari kerusakan akibat antibiotik sehingga konsentrasi antibiotik harus ditingkatkan 100 sampai 1000 kali lipat. Penghambatan quorum sensing diharapkan dapat mencegah pembentukan biofilm. Kulit kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. Ex Bl.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan antibiofilm. Ketersediaan daun yang melimpah menyebabkan dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui apakah daun kayu manis memiliki daya anti quorum sensing terhadap Pseudomona aeruginosa. Serbuk kering daun kayu manis dimaserasi bertingkat berturut-turut menggunakan n-heksana, etil asetat dan metanol. Setelah masing-masing ekstrak dievaporasi, daya antibakteri diamati dengan metode mikrodilusi menggunakan penambahan MTT. Ekstrak yang aktif diamati  daya anti quorum sensing nya dengan metode difusi pada cetrimide Agar.  Aktivitas antiquorum sensing ditunjukkan dengan daerah buram di bawah sinar UV 366 nm. KLT-bioautografi dilakukan untuk mengetahui senyawa yang aktif dalam fraksi tersebut dengan menggunakan fase diam silika gel F254, fase gerak kloroform-metanol  (6:1 v/v), loading sampel sebanyak 1,25 mg dan waktu kontak lempeng dengan medium selama 30 menit. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap P. aeruginosa dengan nilai KHM 8 mg/mL. Aktivitas penghambatan quorum sensing dan pertumbuhan ditunjukkan pada loading samples 12,5 dan 25 mg/sumuran, sedangkan pada 6,25 mg ekstrak hanya menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan quorum sensing. Keberadaan senyawa yang memiliki gugus fungsi fenolik, flavonoid, alkaloid dan aldehid/keton terdeteksi dengan metode KLT tetapi tidak terdeteksi bercak aktif pada bioautografi

Sitotoksisitas Minyak Mesoyi (Cryptocarya massoy) terhadap Sel Vero (Cytotoxicity of Mesoyi Oil (Cryptocarya massoy) on Vero Cell Lines)

Mesoyi oil distilled from the bark of Cryptocarya massoy have been used for traditional treatment of various ethnicities. However, its safety use has not been widely studied. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of mesoyi oil on vero cells in vitro. The Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of mesoyi oil is evaluated using MTT assay. The results indicated that the mesoyi oil exhibited cytotoxic effects on vero cells with IC50 value of 97.4 μg//mL. This call for further studies to evaluate the cytotoxic activity in vivo. Keywords: cytotoxicity, essential oil, cryptocarya massoy, vero cel

TOXICITY TEST OF MAKUTADEWA (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.)Boerl.) BARK AGAINST Artemia salina Leach AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF THE ACTIVE FRACTION

Makutadewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl.) is one of the herbal medicines used against cancer, however, the scientific basis of the activity still void. Daphne mezereum, the same family (Thymelaeaceae) to makutadewa has been proved to contain cytotoxic substances in its bark. Therefore, the aims of this research were to investigate the toxic effect of makutadewa bark against Artemia salina Leach. as the primary step to identify an anticancer activity and find out substances responsible to this activity. The material powder was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with chloroform, followed by methanol and finally by distilled water. The toxicity of chloroform, methanolic and aqueous extracts were assayed against A.salina Leach. The chloroform extract (most active) with the LC50 of 29.6 0.14 g/ml was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography using wash benzene 100 % (a); wash benzene-ethyl acetate =20:1 (b); 15:1 (c); 10:1 (d); 5:1 (e); 2:1 (f) and chloroform-methanol 1:1 (g) as mobile phases. The active fractions against A.salina were E {combination of (e) and (f)} with LC50 of 106,9 g/ml and F (g) with the LC50 of 131,53 g/ml, hence less toxic than the original extract. The thin layer chromatogram profiles showed that E and F fractions contained terpenoid and alkaloid substances.Key words: toxicity test, (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff)Boerl.), bar

OPTIMASI KOMPOSISI ETANOL-AIR SEBAGAI CAIRAN PENYARI DALAM PRODUKSI EKSTRAK KERING DAUN SAMBUNG NYAWA [Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.)]

Sambung Nyawa leaves (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr has been widely used as herbal medicine which requires a quality improvement of the dry extract for industrial production. Extraction solvent optimization is one key factor which determines the quality. This research aims was to find out the optimal ethanol-water composition as extraction solvent by using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method of which the total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity were used as quality parameters. Dried leaves as raw materials were pulverized and screened at Mesh 60, macerated (1:5) with ethanol-water compositition as 1:0; 0.7:0.3; and 0.5:0.5 v/v, shaked for 24 h, filtered. The procedure was repeated twice. Filtrates were collected of which lactose were added (1:2)w/w and spray dried at 100C for 30 min. Dried extracts yielded were evaluated the quality by using SLD method of which the total phenolics, total flavonoids as well as DPPH radical scavenging activity were used as parameters. Optimal SLD response was revealed at the ethanol:water composition of 0.66:0.34 – 0.75:0.25 v/v (Rtotal>0.9). No significant difference of the above mentioned parameters between the values resulted from the experiment and SLD formula. Correlation analyses of total phenolics and total flavonoids towards DPPH-radical scavenging activity were found as 95.29% and 1.25%, respectively.Daun Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr telah dipergunakan secara luas sebagai obat herbal sehingga membutuhkan peningkatan kualitas pembuatan ekstrak kering untuk industri. Optimasi pelarut ekstraksi adalah salah satu faktor kunci yang menentukan kualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi etanol-air untuk pelarut ekstraksi yang optimal menggunakan metode Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) dengan parameter kualitas berupa flavonoid total dan fenol total serta aktivitas penangkalan radikal DPPH. Daun kering diserbukkan dan diayak pada Mesh 60, dimaserasi (1:5) dengan variasi komposisi etanol-air sebagai berikut 1:0; 0,7:0,3; and 0,5:0,5 v/v, digojok selama 24 jam kemudian disaring. Proses diulangi 2 kali. Filtrat dikumpulkan dan ditambah laktosa (1:2)b/b kemudian dilakukan pengeringan menggunakan spray dryer pada 100˚C selama 30 menit. Ekstrak kering yang dihasilkan dievaluasi kualitasnya menggunakan metode SLD dengan fenol total, flavonoid total dan aktivitas penangkal radikal DPPH sebagai parameter. Respon optimal SLD response diketahui pada komposisi etanol-air 0,66:0,34 – 0,75:0,25 v/v (Rtotal>0,9). Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara data yang diperoleh dari eksperimen dan dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan formula SLD. Analisis korelasi antara fenol total dan flavonoid total, masing-masing terhadap aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas adalah berturut-turut sebesar 95,29% dan 1,25%.

AKTIVITAS ANTIRADIKAL DPPH SERTA PENENTUAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK DAN FLAVONOID TOTAL SARI LARUT AIR DAUN DAN BUAH Ficus carica L. DAN Ficus parietalis Bl.

Ficus carica L and Ficus parietalis Bl. (Moraceae) are closely related plants which also known in Indonesia as Figs L. Considering the wide therapeutic value of Figs, this research was aimed to evaluate the DPPH-radical scavenging activity of both plants as well as their total phenolic and flavonoids. Extracts were produced by using boiled water and diluted to gain the desired concentration. Analyses were performed by using UV-vis spectrophotometer. Radical scavenging activity testing was done by using radical of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl) to determine the IC50s. The determination of total phenolic was conducted by using Folin-Ciocalteau method and calculated as Gallic Acid Equivalence (GAE). The total flavonoid was measured by using AlCl3-reagents, and calculated as Rutin Equivalence (RE). Afterwards, the radical scavenging activity was correlated to the total phenolic and flavonoids contents. The results showed that the water soluble extract of F. carica fruit had the best IC50 value of 33.38 mg/mL, followed successively by the F. parietalis fruit (35.69 mg/mL), F. parietalis leaves (44.01 mg/mL) and the F. carica leaves (76.38 mg/mL). The highest content of total phenolic was shown by the leaves of F. parietalis (1.46% w/w GAE) and the lowest was in the fruit or F. carica (0.36% w/w GAE). The highest flavonoid content was detected in the leaves of F. carica (1.42% w/w RE) and the lowest was in the F. parietalis fruit (0.20% w/w RE). Correlation analyses of the IC50 values vs. the total phenolic and the flavonoids contents resulted in a positive slope having R2 values as 0.5362 and 0.9895, respectively. As a conclusion, the total flavonoid content influenced the DPPH radical scavenging activity by 98.95%, while the total phenolic content influence was only 53.62%.Tumbuhan Ficus carica L. dan F. parietalis Bl. (Moraceae) adalah tumbuhan yang di Indonesia kerap kali disebut sebagai Tin atau Ara. Mengingat penggunaannya yang sangat luas bagi pengobatan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan serta kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid total dari sari larut air daun dan buah F. carica dan F. parietalis Ekstrak diperoleh dengan cara menyari sejumlah sampel menggunakan air mendidih sehingga diperoleh konsentrasi yang diinginkan. Pengujian aktivitas penangkapan radikal dilakukan dengan menggunakan DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) dan ditentukan nilai IC50. Penentuan kandungan fenolik total dilakukan menggunakan pereaksi Folin Ciocalteau dan dinyatakan sebagai ekuivalen asam galat. Flavonoid total ditetapkan dengan menggunakan reagen AlCl3 dan dinyatakan sebagai ekivalen rutin (ER). Kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid yang didapatkan selanjutnya dikorelasikan dengan aktivitas antiradikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai IC50 terbaik terdapat pada buah F. carica L. (33,38 mg/mL), kemudian buah F. parietalis B. (35,69 mg/mL), daun F. parietalis Bl. (44,01 mg/mL), dan daun F. carica L. (76,38 mg/mL). Kandungan fenolik tertinggi terdapat pada daun F. parietalis Bl. (1,46% b/b EAG) dan terendah pada buah F. carica L. (0,36% b/b EAG). Kandungan flavonoid tertinggi terdapat pada daun F. carica L. (1,42% b/b ER) dan terendah pada buah F. parietalis Bl. (0,20% b/b ER). Analisis korelasi antara nilai IC50 dengan kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid total menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan nilai R2 sebesar 0,5362 dan 0,9895 dengan kemiringan positif. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kandungan flavonoid total mempengaruhi aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas sebesar 98,95%, sedangkan pengaruh kandungan fenolik total hanya sebesar 53,62%

GAMBARAN PERENCANAAN KARIER SISWA SMP

Career planning is a process by which individuals can identify and take steps to achieve their career goals. Junior high school students in general have not been able to make good career plans, they do not have much information about careers, be it about secondary school or specialization in education and also work. The purpose of this study is to describe the description of junior high school student career planning. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of this study were two students related to career planning at MTs Sirnamikin. The data collection techniques of this research were interviews and direct observation through school observations. The results showed that the potential and abilities of each student were different. Students must learn to consider and find a variety of information about the career they want. And so that all of this can materialize as they expect, therefore a good career planning is needed. Keywords: Career Planning, Middle School Student