3D modelling of geological and anthropogenic deposits at the World Heritage Site of Bryggen in Bergen, Norway

The landscape of many historic cities and the character of their shallow subsurface environments are defined by a legacy of interaction between anthropogenic and geological processes. Anthropogenic deposits and excavations result from processes ranging from archaeological activities to modern urban development. Hence, in heritage cities, any geological investigation should acknowledge the role of past and ongoing human activities, while any archaeological investigation should be conducted with geological processes in mind. In this paper it is shown that 3D geological and anthropogenic models at different scales can provide a holistic system for the management of the subsurface. It provides a framework for the integration of other spatial and processmodels to help assess the preservationpotential for buried heritage. Such an integrated framework model is thus contributing to a decision support system for sustainable urban (re)development and regeneration in cities, while preserving cultural heritage. A collaborative approach is proposed to enhance research and implementation of combined geological and archaeological modelling for sustainable land use planning and heritage preservation, using York and Bryggen as prime examples. This paper presents the status of 3D framework modelling at Bryggen in Norway as an example

The coastal courtyard-sites in Norway from the 1st millenium AD

Along the western coast of Norway, especially in the North, there is a special type of site usually referred to as the seat of a chieftain. They consist of a group of dwelling houses arranged around a circular or oval courtyard and they are usually situated on the edge of cultural land. The author considers these sites to be an expression of a well developed chieftainship system functioning as judicial administrative and economic centers and as cult sites. Chieftains in N. Norway had access to enormous natural resources, fishing and hunting, and from later Roman or early Migration period they seem to have imposed on the Finns annual taxes, which for the greater part consisted of furs and skins. This accumulation of wealth gave reason for political power, social status and trade.Herteig Asbjørn E. The coastal courtyard-sites in Norway from the 1st millenium AD. In: Les mondes normands (VIIIe-XIIe s.) Actes du deuxième congrès international d'archéologie médiévale (Caen, 2-4 octobre 1987) Caen : Société d'Archéologie Médiévale, 1989. pp. 9-15. (Actes des congrès de la Société d'archéologie médiévale, 2

Skålgropstein. Sundli, 94/80, Østre Toten, Oppland.

Høsten 1949 oppdaget Pål Gihle en stein med skålgroper på gården Sundli, gnr. 94, brnr 80, Hof s., Østre Toten. (Foto nr 40).Over alt hvor det ikke er dyrket mark kan en på dette feltet finne tallrike rydningsroyser, nærmere 200 i alt, og midt inne mellom alle disse røysene lig­ger skålgropsteinen. Den syntes delvis nedsunket i jor­den og hevet seg bare 35-40 cm opp over denne. Formen er uregelmessig og skålene er anbrakt på den nesten pla­ne overflate som skrår jevnt nedover mot nord. (Foto nr. 41 og 42) . Noen av skålene er utydelige, men de fleste er klare og sikre. De synes anbrakt rent vilkårlig uten noen fast plan eller mening. Det er i alt 29 stk, og størrelsen varierer fra 4-5 til 8-9 cm. i tverrmål

The coastal courtyard-sites in Norway from the 1st millenium AD

Along the western coast of Norway, especially in the North, there is a special type of site usually referred to as the seat of a chieftain. They consist of a group of dwelling houses arranged around a circular or oval courtyard and they are usually situated on the edge of cultural land. The author considers these sites to be an expression of a well developed chieftainship system functioning as judicial administrative and economic centers and as cult sites. Chieftains in N. Norway had access to enormous natural resources, fishing and hunting, and from later Roman or early Migration period they seem to have imposed on the Finns annual taxes, which for the greater part consisted of furs and skins. This accumulation of wealth gave reason for political power, social status and trade.Herteig Asbjørn E. The coastal courtyard-sites in Norway from the 1st millenium AD. In: Les mondes normands (VIIIe-XIIe s.) Actes du deuxième congrès international d'archéologie médiévale (Caen, 2-4 octobre 1987) Caen : Société d'Archéologie Médiévale, 1989. pp. 9-15. (Actes des congrès de la Société d'archéologie médiévale, 2