23 research outputs found

    Infrared Variability of Evolved Protoplanetary Disks: Evidence for Scale Height Variations in the Inner Disk

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    We present the results of a multi-wavelength multi-epoch survey of five evolved protoplanetary disks in the IC 348 cluster that show significant infrared variability. Using 3-8micron and 24micron photometry along with 5-40micron spectroscopy from the Spitzer Space Telescope, as well as ground-based 0.8-5micron spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy and near-infrared photometry, covering timescales of days to years, we examine the variability in the disk, stellar and accretion flux. We find substantial variations (10-60%) at all infrared wavelengths on timescales of weeks to months for all of these young stellar objects. This behavior is not unique when compared to other cluster members and is consistent with changes in the structure of the inner disk, most likely scale height fluctuations on a dynamical timescale. Previous observations, along with our near-infrared photometry, indicate that the stellar fluxes are relatively constant; stellar variability does not appear to drive the large changes in the infrared fluxes. Based on our near-infrared spectroscopy of the Pa-beta and Br-gamma lines we find that the accretion rates are variable in most of the evolved disks but the overall rates are probably too small to cause the infrared variability. We discuss other possible physical causes for the variability, including the influence of a companion, magnetic fields threading the disk, and X-ray flares.Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 33 pages, emulate apj forma

    Effect of creep feeding on piglet’s performance and behavior until the nursery phase

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    Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do creep feeding no desempenho e comportamento de leitões até o final da fase de creche, um total de 63 matrizes e suas leitegadas foram distribuídos em um delineamento fatorial 2×2 com creep feeding (sim ou não) e idade ao desmame (21 ou 25 dias) como fatores. Uma dieta farelada com marcador fecal vermelho (1,5% de óxido de ferro) foi ofertada aos leitões do grupo creep feeding por 10 dias pré-desmame e estes foram caracterizados como consumidores ou não através de suabes fecais. Ao desmame, 672 leitões foram selecionados e alojados de forma aleatória na mesma sala de creche. Estes foram pesados semanalmente e a ração fornecida foi registrada. Foram calculados o ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de ração médio diário (CMD), conversão alimentar (CA) e coeficiente de variação (CV) do peso, bem como o percentual de leitões que realizaram belly nosing (nosers) aos sete, 14 e 21 dias pós-desmame. O número e tempo de visitas ao comedouro por baia, nos dias dois e três pós-alojamento na creche foram obtidos através de filmagens. Na fase de maternidade, o percentual total de consumidores (P<0,001) e o consumo de ração (P=0,020) por leitegada foram menores quando desmame foi realizado aos 21 dias (6,9% e 1,147kg) do que aos 25 dias (22,08% e 1,963kg). Já no acumulado da fase de creche, os leitões desmamados aos 25 dias de vida consumiram mais ração (P<0,001) do que aqueles desmamados aos 21 dias e os grupos que receberam creep feed apresentaram uma tendência de maior consumo (P=0,061). Ocorreu uma interação entre idade de desmame e creep feeding para o GPD (P=0,013) e a CA (P=0,005) na fase de creche. Leitões desmamados com 21 dias submetidos ao creep feeding tiveram maior GPD que aqueles não submetidos a este manejo. O GPD dos desmamados mais velhos foi superior, mas não diferiu quando submetidos ao creep feeding. A CA foi pior no grupo desmamado aos 21 dias que não recebeu creep feed, quando comparado aos demais. O peso de saída de creche foi maior para leitões mais velhos (P<0,001), bem como para os quais foi ofertado creep feed em ambas idades (P=0,060). O comportamento de belly nosing foi menor aos sete dias para os grupos com creep feeding (P=0,035), bem como nos grupos de 25 dias em relação a 21 dias (P=0,001). Os leitões desmamados aos 25 dias sem creep feeding visitaram por mais tempo o comedouro do que os outros grupos e mais vezes do que os mais jovens apenas na manhã do dia seguinte ao alojamento na creche (P=0,014). O tempo por visita ao comedouro foi superior para os leitões mais velhos (P<0,001), assim como aumentou ao longo do tempo para todos os grupos (P<0,001). Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que o creep feeding pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar o bem-estar e desempenho de leitões pós-desmame, bem como leitões desmamados aos 25 dias apresentam índices zootécnicos maiores em relação aos 21 dias.In order to evaluate the effect of creep feeding on performance and behavior of piglets until the end of the nursery phase, a total of 63 sows and their litters were distributed in a factorial (2x2) trial design with creep feeding (yes or no) and weaning age (21 or 25 days) as main factors. A diet in meal form with a red fecal dye (1.5% iron oxide) was offered to the piglets of the creep feeding group for 10 days pre-weaning and these were characterized as consumers or not through rectal swabs. At weaning, 672 piglets were randomly selected and placed in the same nursery room. Pigs were weighed weekly and the feed intake was recorded. The weight gain (WG), average daily gain (ADG), average feed intake (ADFI), feed efficiency (F/G), and within-pen weight variation was calculated, as well as the percentage of piglets that exhibit belly nosing behavior (“nosers”) at 7, 14 and 21 days. The number and time of visits to the feeder per pen on second and third-day post-weaning were obtained by the filming. In the farrowing phase, the percentage of eaters (P<0.001) and creep-feed intake (P=0.020) per litter were lower when the weaning was at 21 days (6.9% e 1.147kg) than at 25 days (22.08% e 1.963kg). In the overall nursery phase, pigs weaned at 25 days of age exhibited higher (P<0.001) ADFI than those weaned at 21 days, and groups that previously received creep feed presented a trend of higher (P=0.061) ADFI. An interaction between weaning age and creep feeding for ADG (P=0.013) and F/G (P=0.005) occurred in the nursery phase. Pigs weaned with 21 days submitted to creep feeding had higher ADG than those not submitted. The ADG of the older weaned piglets submitted or not to creep feeding was similar and was superior then the younger ones. The F/G was worse in pigs weaned at 21 days that did not receive creep feed when compared to the other three groups. The body weight at the end of the nursery phase was higher for the groups of older piglets (P<0.001), as well as for the groups that the creep feed was offered for both ages (P=0.060). The percentage of “nosers” at seven days post-weaning was lower for the groups with creep feeding (P=0.035), as well as in the groups of 25 days in comparison with pigs with 21 days of weaning age (P=0.001). Pigs weaned at 25 days not previously exposed to creep feeding visited the feeder for a longer time than the other groups and more times than younger pigs in the morning of the day after weaning (P=0.014). The time per visit to the feeder was higher for the older pigs (P<0.001), as well as increased throughout the evaluations for all groups (P<0.001). In conclusion, these results suggest that creep feeding may be an alternative to improve the welfare and performance of post-weaning piglets, and the growth rate is improved as weaning age increases from 21 to 25 days of age

    Effect of creep feeding on piglet’s performance and behavior until the nursery phase

    No full text
    Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do creep feeding no desempenho e comportamento de leitões até o final da fase de creche, um total de 63 matrizes e suas leitegadas foram distribuídos em um delineamento fatorial 2×2 com creep feeding (sim ou não) e idade ao desmame (21 ou 25 dias) como fatores. Uma dieta farelada com marcador fecal vermelho (1,5% de óxido de ferro) foi ofertada aos leitões do grupo creep feeding por 10 dias pré-desmame e estes foram caracterizados como consumidores ou não através de suabes fecais. Ao desmame, 672 leitões foram selecionados e alojados de forma aleatória na mesma sala de creche. Estes foram pesados semanalmente e a ração fornecida foi registrada. Foram calculados o ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de ração médio diário (CMD), conversão alimentar (CA) e coeficiente de variação (CV) do peso, bem como o percentual de leitões que realizaram belly nosing (nosers) aos sete, 14 e 21 dias pós-desmame. O número e tempo de visitas ao comedouro por baia, nos dias dois e três pós-alojamento na creche foram obtidos através de filmagens. Na fase de maternidade, o percentual total de consumidores (P<0,001) e o consumo de ração (P=0,020) por leitegada foram menores quando desmame foi realizado aos 21 dias (6,9% e 1,147kg) do que aos 25 dias (22,08% e 1,963kg). Já no acumulado da fase de creche, os leitões desmamados aos 25 dias de vida consumiram mais ração (P<0,001) do que aqueles desmamados aos 21 dias e os grupos que receberam creep feed apresentaram uma tendência de maior consumo (P=0,061). Ocorreu uma interação entre idade de desmame e creep feeding para o GPD (P=0,013) e a CA (P=0,005) na fase de creche. Leitões desmamados com 21 dias submetidos ao creep feeding tiveram maior GPD que aqueles não submetidos a este manejo. O GPD dos desmamados mais velhos foi superior, mas não diferiu quando submetidos ao creep feeding. A CA foi pior no grupo desmamado aos 21 dias que não recebeu creep feed, quando comparado aos demais. O peso de saída de creche foi maior para leitões mais velhos (P<0,001), bem como para os quais foi ofertado creep feed em ambas idades (P=0,060). O comportamento de belly nosing foi menor aos sete dias para os grupos com creep feeding (P=0,035), bem como nos grupos de 25 dias em relação a 21 dias (P=0,001). Os leitões desmamados aos 25 dias sem creep feeding visitaram por mais tempo o comedouro do que os outros grupos e mais vezes do que os mais jovens apenas na manhã do dia seguinte ao alojamento na creche (P=0,014). O tempo por visita ao comedouro foi superior para os leitões mais velhos (P<0,001), assim como aumentou ao longo do tempo para todos os grupos (P<0,001). Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que o creep feeding pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar o bem-estar e desempenho de leitões pós-desmame, bem como leitões desmamados aos 25 dias apresentam índices zootécnicos maiores em relação aos 21 dias.In order to evaluate the effect of creep feeding on performance and behavior of piglets until the end of the nursery phase, a total of 63 sows and their litters were distributed in a factorial (2x2) trial design with creep feeding (yes or no) and weaning age (21 or 25 days) as main factors. A diet in meal form with a red fecal dye (1.5% iron oxide) was offered to the piglets of the creep feeding group for 10 days pre-weaning and these were characterized as consumers or not through rectal swabs. At weaning, 672 piglets were randomly selected and placed in the same nursery room. Pigs were weighed weekly and the feed intake was recorded. The weight gain (WG), average daily gain (ADG), average feed intake (ADFI), feed efficiency (F/G), and within-pen weight variation was calculated, as well as the percentage of piglets that exhibit belly nosing behavior (“nosers”) at 7, 14 and 21 days. The number and time of visits to the feeder per pen on second and third-day post-weaning were obtained by the filming. In the farrowing phase, the percentage of eaters (P<0.001) and creep-feed intake (P=0.020) per litter were lower when the weaning was at 21 days (6.9% e 1.147kg) than at 25 days (22.08% e 1.963kg). In the overall nursery phase, pigs weaned at 25 days of age exhibited higher (P<0.001) ADFI than those weaned at 21 days, and groups that previously received creep feed presented a trend of higher (P=0.061) ADFI. An interaction between weaning age and creep feeding for ADG (P=0.013) and F/G (P=0.005) occurred in the nursery phase. Pigs weaned with 21 days submitted to creep feeding had higher ADG than those not submitted. The ADG of the older weaned piglets submitted or not to creep feeding was similar and was superior then the younger ones. The F/G was worse in pigs weaned at 21 days that did not receive creep feed when compared to the other three groups. The body weight at the end of the nursery phase was higher for the groups of older piglets (P<0.001), as well as for the groups that the creep feed was offered for both ages (P=0.060). The percentage of “nosers” at seven days post-weaning was lower for the groups with creep feeding (P=0.035), as well as in the groups of 25 days in comparison with pigs with 21 days of weaning age (P=0.001). Pigs weaned at 25 days not previously exposed to creep feeding visited the feeder for a longer time than the other groups and more times than younger pigs in the morning of the day after weaning (P=0.014). The time per visit to the feeder was higher for the older pigs (P<0.001), as well as increased throughout the evaluations for all groups (P<0.001). In conclusion, these results suggest that creep feeding may be an alternative to improve the welfare and performance of post-weaning piglets, and the growth rate is improved as weaning age increases from 21 to 25 days of age
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