산업 내 무역, 멕시코와 한국 자동차

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 : 국제학과, 2015. 2. 김종섭.The increase of Intra-Industry Trade in the world trade dynamics is opening not only the discussion about its relation with Free Trade Agreements but also its development in non Free Trade Areas and its influence on investment. According to the measurement and analysis of the Intra-Industry Trade within Free Trade areas, the behaviour of IIT with the adoption of a Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and Korea can be predicted as these trading partners have the same level of specialization in the automotive sector. The position of Mexico within NAFTA, and the trade flow in Asia with Korea as one of the main participants, offer a relevant sample of the new trends for trade. Free Trade Agreements have a relevant impact on Intra-Industry Trade specifically on the automotive sector for Mexico and Korea, considering also, that these trading partners have a significant participation in the global production in the sector. Private investment in Mexico is increasing with its levels of IIT principally because of NAFTA, but its relation with other trading partners without the scope of a Free Trade Agreement is leading to re think the advantages of achieving agreements with Asia to boost investment and trade.Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION..........................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................4 3.METHODOLOGY.........................................................6 3.1 Research Questions.................................................6 3.2 Intra-Industry Trade..................................................7 3.3 Data Sources...........................................................8 3.4 Description of the automotive sector............................8 4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS...............................................14 5. CONCLUSION..........................................................22 Bibliography................................................................24 Appendix....................................................................25 Abstract (Korean).........................................................28Maste

Maternal-Fetal Attachment and Health Behaviors among Women with HIV/AIDS

Background: Mothers with HIV often face personal and environmental risks for poor maternal health behaviors and infant neglect, even when HIV transmission to the infant was prevented. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA), the pre-birth relationship of a woman with her fetus, may be the precursor to maternal caregiving. Using the strengths perspective in social work, which embeds MFA within a socio-ecological conceptual framework, it is hypothesized that high levels of maternal-fetal attachment may protect mothers and infants against poor maternal health behaviors. Objective: To assess whether MFA together with history of substance use, living marital status, planned pregnancy status, and timing of HIV diagnosis predict three desirable maternal health behaviors (pregnancy care, adherence to prenatal antiretroviral therapy–ART, and infant’s screening clinic care) among pregnant women with HIV/AIDS. Method: Prospective observation and hypothesis-testing multivariate analyses. Over 17 consecutive months, all eligible English- or Spanish-speaking pregnant women with HIV ( n = 110) were approached in the principal obstetric and screening clinics in Miami-Dade County, Florida at 24 weeks’ gestation; 82 agreed to enroll. During three data collection periods from enrollment until 16 weeks after childbirth (range: 16 to 32 weeks), participants reported on socio-demographic and predictor variables, MFA, and pregnancy care. Measures of adherence to ART and infant care were extracted from medical records. Findings: Sociodemographic, pregnancy, and HIV disease characteristics in this sample suggest changes in the makeup of HIV-infected pregnant women parallel to the evolution of the HIV epidemic in the USA over the past two decades. The MFA model predicted maternal health behaviors for pregnancy care (R2 = .37), with MFA, marital living status, and planned pregnancy status independently contributing ( = .50, = .28, = .23, respectively). It did not predict adherence to ART medication or infant care. Relevance: These findings provide the first focused evidence of the protective role of MFA against poor maternal health behaviors among pregnant women with HIV, in the presence of adverse life circumstances. Social desirability biases in some self-report measures may limit the findings. Suggestions are made for orienting future inquiry on maternal health behaviors during childbirth toward relationship and protection

Estimation of carbon stocks under different soil uses in the central highlands of Mexico

La pérdida de los almacenes de carbono orgánico en el suelo y su expulsión a la atmósfera por efecto de las actividades antrópicas debe entenderse como un problema que trasciende del contexto ambiental al social y económico, siendo la degradación de los suelos una de sus múltiples manifestaciones. Si bien, la acumulación del carbono en el suelo depende de manera natural de la interacción de una serie de factores bióticos y abióticos, las prácticas de manejo, con frecuencia implican el deterioro de sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, y con ello el incremento de los niveles de mineralización y reducción de este almacén. Este trabajo se realizó en el municipio de San José del Rincón, Estado de México en suelos volcánicos bajo diferentes condiciones de uso y tiempos de manejo, de los cuales se obtuvieron muestras en 11 sitios de las que se realizaron análisis físicos y químicos y se obtuvo el almacén de carbono orgánico del suelo a una profundidad de 20 cm. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que para los suelos bajo uso agrícola y pastoreo hubo incrementos significativos en la densidad aparente, mayor acidez y disminución de la concentración de carbono, con respecto a los suelos forestales. Los almacenes de carbono orgánico para los usos de suelo forestal, agrícola y pecuario a 20 cm de profundidad fueron de 131, 53 y 63 Mg C ha-1 respectivamente, estos resultados sugieren que el tiempo e intensidad de manejo son determinantes en la pérdida de los almacenes del carbono orgánico del suelo, así como en la alteración de algunas de sus propiedades físicas y químicas.The loss of organic carbon stocks from the soil and their expulsion into the atmosphere due to the effect of anthropogenic activities must be understood as a problem that goes beyond the environmental to the social and economic context, with the soil degradation being just one of its many impacts. While the accumulation of carbon in the soil depends naturally on the interaction among a series of biotic and abiotic factors, management practices often cause the deterioration of its physical, chemical and biological properties, and, thus, increase the levels of mineralization and a reduction in carbon stocks. This study was undertaken in the municipality of San José del Rincón, State of Mexico, in volcanic soils under different conditions of land use and handling time periods. Samples were obtained at 11 plots, on which physical and chemical analyses were undertaken, obtaining soil organic carbon stocks at 20 cm top soil. The results indicated that, for the soils used for agriculture and induced pasture, there were significant increases in the bulk density, greater acidity and a decrease in carbon concentration compared to forest soils. The organic carbon stocks taken from soils used in forestry, agriculture and induced pasture at a depth of 20 cm were 131, 53 and 63 Mg C ha-1 respectively, results which suggest that the timing and intensity of management are determinants in the loss of soil organic carbon stocks from the soil, as well as the alteration of some of their physical and chemical properties.Proyecto PROMEP DSA/103.5/15/718

Beyond Representation: Partnerships, Intersectionality, and the Centering of the Disability, Family, and Community Lived Experience

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced a public health crisis, overlaying the disparities in healthcare access, treatment, and outcomes that were already prevalent in Black and Latino communities across the U.S., particularly persons with disabilities (PWD) at the intersection of racial and ethnic identities. In addition, the concurrent social and political climate mirrored the pandemic in its action of magnifying existing systemic inequities for historically marginalized populations, calling for institutions to galvanize efforts toward diversity, equity, and inclusion (EDI). Our University Center on Excellence in Disabilities (UCEDD) serves a range of families whose children have disabilities or complex health care needs and strengths within a widely diverse cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic region of the southeastern U.S. We have also committed to professional development of diverse faculty, community providers, and inclusive leadership pipeline programs across multiple disciplines. While our existing efforts have had an impact prior to the pandemic, gaps in information about COVID-19, limited access to needed supports, vacillations in services, and disruptions to family- and community-life have called for us to develop more responsive strategies. We discuss the development and implementation of new interprofessional and inclusive community approaches, building on community partnerships and using participatory-action research as a model. Beginning with a series of town halls to address the medical, social-emotional, support, and disability specific needs among our families, we transformed our practice by co-constructing panels with the community and within our UCEDD. We further amplified the voices and centered lived experiences of parents, PWD, teachers of children with disabilities and complex health care needs, as well as community organizational leaders in a conference and throughout our programs. Community partners contributed rich perspectives and expertise on the pre-pandemic conditions, the impact of the coronavirus on the self and community, as well as ways in which they pivoted, created synergies, and co-constructed initiatives. Outcomes from these events underscore the need for (1) community-engaging vs. community-facing discussions, (2) the creation of sustainable action plans that center the community and disability lived experience across a range of sociocultural and linguistic identities, and (3) moving beyond mere representation in EDI efforts toward authentic and equitable partnerships

Plasma levels of ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and LEAP2 in children with obesity: Correlation with age and insulin resistance

Objective: The octanoylated peptide hormone ghrelin regulates appetite and glycaemic control. Des-acyl ghrelin abolishes some effects of ghrelin, but does not bind to ghrelin receptor. LEAP2 is a novel ligand for ghrelin receptor that blocks the effects of ghrelin. Some evidences show that plasma levels of these peptides are altered adults with obesity, but their levels in childhood obesity remain poorly studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess fasting plasma levels of ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and LEAP2 in children with normoweight, overweight/obesity and their association with different anthropometric and metabolic variables. Design: A total of 42 females and 40 males, ages 3-12 years-old were enrolled as a cross-sectional cohort. Results: Plasma levels of des-acyl ghrelin and LEAP2 (but not ghrelin) were lower and ghrelin/des-acyl ghrelin ratio was higher in children with overweight/obesity. Des-acyl ghrelin negatively correlated with age, BMI z-score, insulin and HOMA index, and the correlations were stronger in children with overweight/obesity. LEAP2 levels negatively correlated with BMI z-score. No gender differences were found. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ghrelin tone is increased in childhood obesity, due to a decrease on plasma levels of des-acyl ghrelin and LEAP2, and that des-acyl ghrelin is associated to insulin resistance, particularly in children with overweight/obesity.Fil: Fittipaldi, Antonela Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Hernandez, Julieta. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas; ArgentinaFil: Castrogiovanni, Daniel Cayetano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Lufrano, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: de Francesco, Pablo Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Garrido, Verónica. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas; ArgentinaFil: Vitaux, Patrick. Bertin Technologies; FranciaFil: Fasano, María Victoria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Matemáticas; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas; ArgentinaFil: Fehrentz, Jean Alain. Bertin Technologies; Francia. Université Montpellier II; FranciaFil: Fernández, Adriana. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas; ArgentinaFil: Andreoli, María F.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Perello, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentin

Conocimiento de nutrición en atletas de alto rendimiento

La nutrición deportiva es un campo de estudio relativamente nuevo, y según la nutricionista deportiva australiana Louise Burke, se define como el uso de técnicas dietéticas para la mejora del rendimiento deportivo y para tener una vida saludable. Así pues, la educación y la información sobre alimentación y nutrición en el deporte se encuentra relacionado estrechamente con el consumo de alimentos y con los hábitos alimentarios que se formen a lo largo de la vida, de manera que se conozca la capacidad de la buena nutrición, previniendo enfermedades, por lo cual es necesario incluir de manera diaria todos los grupos de alimentos en porciones adecuadas y saber que cada grupo aporta nutrientes diferentes que son esenciales para regular las funciones del organismo y mantenerse saludable

Conocimiento de nutrición en atletas de alto rendimiento

La nutrición deportiva es un campo de estudio relativamente nuevo, y según la nutricionista deportiva australiana Louise Burke, se define como el uso de técnicas dietéticas para la mejora del rendimiento deportivo y para tener una vida saludable. Así pues, la educación y la información sobre alimentación y nutrición en el deporte se encuentra relacionado estrechamente con el consumo de alimentos y con los hábitos alimentarios que se formen a lo largo de la vida, de manera que se conozca la capacidad de la buena nutrición, previniendo enfermedades, por lo cual es necesario incluir de manera diaria todos los grupos de alimentos en porciones adecuadas y saber que cada grupo aporta nutrientes diferentes que son esenciales para regular las funciones del organismo y mantenerse saludable

Twenty-year follow-up of kangaroo mother care versus traditional care

Q1Q1e20162063BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a multifaceted intervention for preterm and low birth weight infants and their parents. Short- and mid-term benefits of KMC on survival, neurodevelopment, breastfeeding, and the quality of mother–infant bonding were documented in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in Colombia from 1993 to 1996. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the persistence of these results in young adulthood. METHODS: From 2012 to 2014, a total of 494 (69%) of the 716 participants of the original RCT known to be alive were identified; 441 (62% of the participants in the original RCT) were re-enrolled, and results for the 264 participants weighing ≤1800 g at birth were analyzed. The KMC and control groups were compared for health status and neurologic, cognitive, and social functioning with the use of neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and behavioral tests. RESULTS: The effects of KMC at 1 year on IQ and home environment were still present 20 years later in the most fragile individuals, and KMC parents were more protective and nurturing, reflected by reduced school absenteeism and reduced hyperactivity, aggressiveness, externalization, and socio-deviant conduct of young adults. Neuroimaging showed larger volume of the left caudate nucleus in the KMC group. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that KMC had significant, long-lasting social and behavioral protective effects 20 years after the intervention. Coverage with this efficient and scientifically based health care intervention should be extended to the 18 million infants born each year who are candidates for the method

REINTERPRETANDO LAS OBLIGACIONES DE LOS ESTADOS EN MATERIA LABORAL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO. UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL CASO ARGENTINO

RESUMEN: El artículo examina los principios rectores del Derecho Laboral, que en general sólo brindan protección a personas individuales sin considerar responsabilidades de cuidado hacia terceras personas, ni situaciones de desigualdad estructural o violencias cotidianas, con el objetivo de proponer una nueva lectura de los principios fundamentales del Derecho del Trabajo, buscando dar contenido al principio de igualdad y salvando las actuales distancias entre igualdad formal y material. A su vez, analiza las obligaciones estatales en materia laboral, particularmente referidas a derechos sindicales, desde una perspectiva de género y en base al caso argentino. En primer lugar (i) se presentan algunas reflexiones para contextualizar las relaciones de género en el mundo del trabajo, con especial énfasis en Argentina, para luego abordar (ii) las obligaciones de los Estados en materia de control e inspección de las relaciones laborales, (iii) el cuidado como un obstáculo para la participación plena de las mujeres en el trabajo, (iv) las acciones positivas y su compatibilización con la autonomía sindical, (v) y las formas de abordaje de las violencias en el trabajo. Las conclusiones presentan recomendaciones sobre medidas y acciones a adoptar desde un enfoque de género, de modo de contribuir al diseño e implementación de políticas laborales más equitativas y respetuosas de los derechos de las mujeres e identidades sexuales.RESUMO: O artigo analisa os princípios norteadores do Direito do Trabalho, que em geral só conferem proteção às pessoas físicas sem considerar responsabilidades pelo cuidado de terceiros, ou situações de desigualdade estrutural ou violência cotidiana, com o objetivo de propor uma nova leitura dos princípios fundamentais. do Direito do Trabalho, buscando dar conteúdo ao princípio da igualdade e suprir as atuais distâncias entre igualdade formal e material. Analisa as obrigações do Estado em matéria trabalhista, particularmente no que se refere aos direitos sindicais, desde uma perspectiva de gênero e com base no caso argentino. Em primeiro lugar (i) são apresentadas algumas reflexões para contextualizar as relações de gênero no mundo do trabalho, com especial destaque para a Argentina, para posteriormente abordar (ii) as obrigações dos Estados em matéria de controle e fiscalização das relações de trabalho, (iii) o cuidado como obstáculo à plena participação da mulher no trabalho, (iv) ações positivas e sua compatibilidade com a autonomia sindical, (v) e formas de enfrentamento da violência no trabalho. As conclusões apresentam recomendações sobre medidas e ações a serem adotadas na perspectiva de gênero, a fim de contribuir para a formulação e implementação de políticas trabalhistas mais eqüitativas e respeitadoras dos direitos da mulher e da identidade sexual

Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: challenges to conservation

Andean slope: challenges to conservatio