Frente a la paridad la violencia política

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar un creciente fenómeno contra las mujeres: la violencia política. De ahí que el orden de este texto sea de tres apartados. El primero, aporta datos de contexto sobre el tema de la violencia en general y cómo se ha ido posicionando la violencia política contra las mujeres en ese escenario. El segundo apartado, repasa el debate sobre el concepto de violencia política y el marco legal que ha garantizado el derecho de las mujeres a votar y a ser votadas en nuestro país. En el tercer y último apartado, se presenta un panorama general sobre la violencia que enfrentan las mujeres al pretender postularse y asumir cargos de elección popular y se retoman algunas apreciaciones de las candidatas de 2015 y 2018 frente a la paridad y el papel de sus partidos políticos.

Transmission of Beauveria bassiana from male to female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Resistance to chemical insecticides plus high morbidity rates have lead to rising interest in fungi as candidates for biocontrol agents of mosquito vectors. In most studies fungal infections have been induced by exposure of mosquitoes to various surfaces treated with conidia. In the present study eight Mexican strains of <it>Beauveria bassiana </it>were assessed against <it>Aedes aegypti </it>by direct exposure of females to 6 × 10⁸conidia ml ^-1on a filter paper, afterwards, the transmission of the least and most virulent isolates was evaluated by mating behavior from virgin, fungus-contaminated male to females, to examine this ethological pattern as a new approach to deliver conidia against the dengue vector.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In an exposure chamber with a filter paper impregnated with 6 × 10⁸conidia ml ^-1of the least and most virulent strains of <it>B. bassiana</it>, 6-8 day old males of <it>A. aegypti </it>were exposed for 48 hours, and then transferred individually (each one was a replicate) to another chamber and confined with twenty healthy females of the same age. Clean males were used in controls. Survival, infection by true mating (insemination) or by mating attempts (no insemination) and fecundity were daily registered until the death of last female. Data analysis was conducted with proc glm for unbalanced experiments and means were separated with the Ryan test with SAS.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All strains were highly virulent with LT₅₀ranging from 2.70 (± 0.29) to 5.33 (± 0.53) days. However the most (Bb-CBG2) and least virulent (Bb-CBG4) isolates were also transmitted by mating behavior; both killed 78-90% of females in 15 days after being confined with males that had previously been exposed for 48 hours to fungi. Of these mortality rates, 23 and 38% respectively, were infections acquired by copulations where insemination occurred. The LT₅₀for sexually-infected females were 7.92 (± 0.46) and 8.82 (± 0.45) days for both strains, while the one in control was 13.92 (± 0.58). Likewise, fecundity decreased by 95% and 60% for both Bb-CBG2 and Bb-CBG4 isolates in comparison with control. The role of mating attempts in this delivery procedure of <it>B. bassiana </it>is discussed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This is the first report about transmission of <it>B. bassiana </it>by mating behavior from virgin, fungus-contaminated males to females in <it>A. aegypti</it>. Fungal infections acquired by this route (autodissemination) infringed high mortality rates (90%) in mated or approached females. However, prior to releasing virgin, fungus-contaminated males to spread <it>B. basasiana </it>among females of <it>A. aegypti</it>, this novel alternative needs further investigations.</p

Responsabilidad social de las empresas carboníferas: percepción de los pobladores del municipio Chiriguaná, Colombia

El propósito de la investigación, fue analizar la responsabilidad social de las empresas carboníferas según la percepción de los pobladores del municipio Chiriguaná, el Cesar, Colombia, utilizando el enfoque cualitativo combinando la tradición fenomenológica, entrevistas no estructuradas y revisión documental, derivando en la hermenéutica de los resultados, encontrando que en la percepción de los entrevistados las empresas están desvinculadas de la realidad de la población, así sus acciones de responsabilidad social no satisfacen las verdaderas necesidades existentes. Se concluye que las empresas deben realizar un diagnóstico exhaustivo de las necesidades de la población, en materia de responsabilidad social, y con base a ello implementar acciones que las satisfagan adecuadamente, mejorando la percepción que tienen los pobladores del municipio Chiriguaná sobre estas empresasThe purpose of the research was to analyze the social responsibility of the coal companies according to the perception of the inhabitants of the municipality of Chiriguaná, Cesar, Colombia, using the qualitative approach combining the phenomenological tradition, unstructured interviews and documentary review, deriving in the hermeneutics of the results, finding that in the perception of the interviewees the companies are disconnected from the reality of the population, thus their actions of social responsibility do not satisfy the real existing needs. It is concluded that companies must make a thorough diagnosis of the needs of the population, in terms of social responsibility, and based on this implement actions that adequately meet them, improving the perception that the inhabitants of the municipality Chiriguaná have about these companie

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using chenopodium ambrosioides

ARTICULO INDEXADOBiosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides as a reducer and coating agent at room temperature (25∘C). Two molar solutions of AgNO3 (1 mM and 10 mM) and fie extract volumes (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mL) were used to assess quantity, shape, and size of the particles. Th UV-Vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance at 434– 436 nm of the NPs synthesized with AgNO3 10 mM and all extract volumes tested, showing a direct relationship between extract volumes and quantity of particles formed. In contrast, the concentration of silver ions was related negatively to particle size. Th smallest (4.9 ± 3.4 nm) particles were obtained with 1 mL of extract in AgNO3 10 mM and the larger amount of particles were obtained with 2 mL and 5 mL of extract. TEM study indicated that the particles were polycrystalline and randomly oriented with a silver structure face centered cubic (fcc) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that disappearance of the –OH group band aftr bioreduction evidences its role in reducing silver ions.CCIQS; “Fideicomiso Revocable y de Administracion no. 157304´ COLPOS” and the L´ınea de Investigacion Prioritaria LPI-16´ “Innovacion Tecnol´ ogica” at the “Colegio de Postgraduados´ COLPOS

Maternal Blood, Plasma, and Breast Milk Lead: Lactational Transfer and Contribution to Infant Exposure

Background: Human milk is a potential source of lead exposure. Yet lactational transfer of lead from maternal blood into breast milk and its contribution to infant lead burden remains poorly understood. Objectives: We explored the dose–response relationships between maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk to better understand lactational transfer of lead from blood and plasma into milk and, ultimately, to the breastfeeding infant. Methods: We measured lead in 81 maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk samples at 1 month postpartum and in 60 infant blood samples at 3 months of age. Milk-to-plasma (M/P) lead ratios were calculated. Multivariate linear, piecewise, and generalized additive models were used to examine dose–response relationships between blood, plasma, and milk lead levels. Results: Maternal lead levels (mean ± SD) were as follows: blood: 7.7 ± 4.0 μg/dL; plasma: 0.1 ± 0.1 μg/L; milk: 0.8 ± 0.7 μg/L. The average M/P lead ratio was 7.7 (range, 0.6–39.8) with 97% of the ratios being > 1. The dose–response relationship between plasma lead and M/P ratio was nonlinear (empirical distribution function = 6.5, p = 0.0006) with the M/P ratio decreasing by 16.6 and 0.6 per 0.1 μg/L of plasma lead, respectively, below and above 0.1 μg/L plasma lead. Infant blood lead level (3.4 ± 2.2 μg/dL) increased by 1.8 μg/dL per 1 μg/L milk lead (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3). Conclusions: The M/P ratio for lead in humans is substantially higher than previously reported, and transfer of lead from plasma to milk may be higher at lower levels of plasma lead. Breast milk is an important determinant of lead burden among breastfeeding infants. Citation: Ettinger AS, Roy A, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Smith DR, Lupoli N, Mercado-García A, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Tellez-Rojo MM, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. 2014. Maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk lead: lactational transfer and contribution to infant exposure. Environ Health Perspect 122:87–92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.130718

Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Some Commercial Samples of Chilli Peppers from Mexico

The genus Capsicum provides antioxidant compounds, such as phenolics and carotenoids, into the diet. In Mexico, there is a wide diversity of species and varieties of chilli peppers, a fruit which has local cultural and gastronomic importance. In the present study, the relationship of the carotenoid and phenolic profiles with the RAPD fingerprint of three different commercial cultivars of chilli peppers of seven regions of Mexico was investigated. Through RAPD, the species of chilli were differentiated by means of different primers (OPE-18, MFG-17, MFG-18, C51, and C52). The genetic distance found with OPE 18 was in the order of 2.6. The observed differences were maintained when the chromatographic profile of carotenoids, and the molecular markers were analyzed, which suggest a close relationship between carotenoids and the genetic profile. While the chromatographic profile of phenols and the molecular markers were unable to differentiate between genotypes of chilli peppers. In addition, by using infrared spectroscopy and statistical PCA, differences explained by geographic origin were found. Thus, this method could be an alternative for identification of chilli species with respect to their geographic origin

Implementación de servidores en sistema operativo nethserver gnu/linux

En este artículo ampliaremos nuestro conocimiento en cuanto al uso y la instalación de NethServer todo a partir de un paso a paso en el cual indicaremos la explicación en el proceso de instalación, conexión y relación entre la plataforma de infraestructura de TI y sus funcionamientos en cuanto al nivel que se requiere suplir dadas las necesidades en la migración de servicios, conexión DHCP, DNS, controlador de dominios, servidor proxy, cortafuegos y servidores VPN, todo esto enfocado a lo desarrollado en el diplomado y enfocados a la implementación de los servicios IT solucionando las temáticas en señaladas anteriormente.In this article we will expand our knowledge regarding the use and installation of NethServer, all from a step by step in which we will indicate the explanation of the installation process, connection and relationship between the IT infrastructure platform and its operations as regards at the level that is required to be met given the needs in the migration of services, DHCP connection, DNS, domain controller, proxy server, firewall and VPN servers, all of this focused on what was developed in the diploma and focused on the implementation of IT services solving the issues mentioned above

Preparación y caracterización de quantum dots de grafeno (GQDs) a partir de grafito

En este proyecto se presenta el estudio de un método para la obtención de quantum dots de grafeno (GQDs) a partir de polvo de grafito, aplicando para ello el método de Hummers con algunas modificaciones. Para facilitar la aplicación de grafeno en nanodispositivos y para modular eficientemente el intervalo de banda, una estrategia prometedora es convertir las hojas de grafeno bidimensionales en puntos cuánticos cero-dimensionales, (GQDs del inglés Graphene quantum dots). Los GQDS son puntos cuánticos de grafeno cero-dimensionales. Estudios teóricos y experimentales han indicado que además de sus propiedades de transporte únicas, el confinamiento cuántico y el efecto frontera podrían resultar en fenómenos y propiedades de alto interés. se han estudiado distintas condiciones de producción y operación y se han caracterizado los GQDs mediante técnicas de microscopia, difracción de rayos X y diversas técnicas espectroscópicas

Sarcoidosis intestinal. Presentación de un caso

La Sarcoidosis es una enfermedad inflamatoria sistémica de curso crónico. Afecta esencialmente el sistema respiratorio y los ganglios linfáticos, aunque también puede mostrar predilección por otros órganos como la piel, peritoneo, intestinos, hígado, articulaciones y corazón, con formación de granulomas. Se presenta un caso de Sarcoidosis intestinal de sexo masculino de 44 años de edad con manifestaciones clínicas de dolor abdominal agudo y vómitos, se le realizan complementarios apreciándose una leucocitosis, por su tórpida evolución se decide realizar una laparotomía exploradora donde se constata un tumor de intestino delgado, se realiza resección y anastomosis, el estudio anatomopatológico concluye proceso inflamatorio granulomatoso no necrotizante con afectación intestinal y ganglionar compatible con Sarcoidosis (Sarcoidosis intestinal). A pesar de que la afección intestinal en la Sarcoidosis es poco frecuente debe tenerse en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial del dolor abdominal.