Subduction consequences along the Andean margin : thermal and topographic signature of an ancient ridge subduction in the Marañón Basin of Perú

All along the eastern border of the Andes lie foreland basins that are among the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces of the world. Their Cenozoic evolution was controlled by the Andean uplift and its consequences on deformation and sedimentation. In turn, the Andean uplift results from the interplay between the subducting Nazca oceanic plate and the South American continental plate. Although the process exists all along the margin, the subducting plate is not regular including bathymetric anomalies and segments that result in different response in the deformation and active volcanism of the overriding plate. In the Marañón Basin of Peru, evidences allow documenting the consequences of a topographic anomaly subduction on the thermal regime and deformation of the Andean foreland during the Neogene. In this basin, a maturity anomaly is difficult to explain by considering only the present day thermal regime. However, it spatially coincides with the trace of a lost subducting ridge, the Inca Plateau. Other features like differential uplift and erosion can be related to the same event in the area. We review the consequences of oceanic ridge subduction along the Andean margin. Their effects on the deformation and volcanism of the forearc and arc regions have been extensively described. Their influence on the present day foreland topography is testified by the existence of giant alluvial fans and displaced terraces. Their effect on magmatism and ore deposits formation has also been demonstrated. The example illustrated here shows that their influence on thermal regime, deformation, erosion and ultimately on petroleum systems must also be taken into account in the search for hydrocarbons in subduction related basins

Development of methods for the synthesis of compliant mechanisms

Einer der am häufigsten verwendeten Mechanismen in Geräten und Maschinen ist die Viergelenkkette. Dieses Getriebe hat viele Verwendungsmöglichkeiten: Verriegelungszangen, Hebebühnen, Frontlader, Aufhängung von Fahrrädern usw. Alle diese Beispiele sind Starrkörpersysteme, jedoch gibt es heutzutage auch nachgiebige Mechanismen, die Festkörpergelenke statt der konventionellen Kopplungen (Stifte, Gleitgelenke, Schubgelenke usw.) verwenden. Diese nachgiebigen Mechanismen werden aufgrund ihres reproduzierbaren Bewegungsverhaltens meistens in der Präzisionstechnik eingesetzt. Sie erlauben nur kleine Verschiebungen, sind aber sehr genau. Außerdem bieten nachgiebige Mechanismen viele weitere Vorteile. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Masterarbeit die Entwicklung einer neuen Synthesemethode vorgestellt, um ausgehend von einem viergliedrigen Starrkörpermechanismus mit gegebenen Gliedlängen einen nachgiebigen Mechanismus mit vier blattfederartigen Festkörpergelenken mit variabler Gelenklänge zu erzeugen. Diese Methode basiert auf der linearen Theorie nach Castigliano, wobei auch die Maximalspannung berücksichtigt wird. Es wird ein Algorithmus entwickelt und die numerische Implementierung erfolgt in MATLAB mit einer grafischen Benutzeroberfläche (GUI). Zu Beginn werden grundlegende Definitionen und der Ausgangszustand von Entwicklungen, die für diese Arbeit hilfreich sein können, vorgestellt. Daraufhin wird die Entwicklung der theoretischen Grundlage der Synthese basierend auf der linearen Theorie erläutert. In diesem Abschnitt werden die verschiedenen untersuchten Fälle mit ihren jeweiligen Gleichungen dargestellt. Abschließend wird ein Vergleich zwischen der entwickelten Synthesemethode basierend auf der linearen Theorie und einem existierenden nichtlinearen Analyseansatz vorgestellt, um eine Verifikation für Beispielvarianten zu erhalten. Der Unterschied zwischen diesen beiden Ansätzen beträgt weniger als 0,5 %, wenn sich beide Modelle im Bereich kleiner Verformungen befinden. Daher kann das Modell in der Präzisionstechnik verwendet werden. Für zukünftige Forschungen kann der Algorithmus verbessert werden, um mehr Mechanismenmodelle zu entwickeln. Außerdem kann das Verfahren zum Lösen des Gleichungssystems verbessert werden, da die durchschnittliche Berechnungszeit einer Simulation im Bereich mehrerer Minuten liegt und damit vergleichsweise lang ist.One of the most used mechanism in devices and machines is the four-bar linkage mechanism. This mechanism can be presented in different ways and has many uses: locking pliers, pumpjacks, lift platforms, front loaders, suspension of bikes, etc. All these examples are rigid-body systems, but nowadays there are also compliant mechanisms which use flexure hinges instead of conventional couplings (pins, sliding joints, prismatic joints, etc.). These compliant mechanisms are used mostly in precision engineering because of their reproducible motion behavior. However, they only allow small displacements, but they are highly precise. Also, the compliant mechanisms have many further advantages. This is the reason why in this Master thesis the development of a novel synthesis method of a rigid-body four-bar linkage with given link lengths into a compliant mechanism with four leaf-type flexure hinges with varying hinge lengths is presented. This method is based on the linear theory according to Castigliano's Theorem, while the maximum stress is considered, too. An algorithm is developed and numerically implemented in MATLAB in combination with a graphical user interface (GUI). First basic definitions and the state of developments that may help in this work are presented. Thereon the development of the theoretical basis of the synthesis based on the linear theory will be provided, while in this section the different considered cases are explained, each with their respective equations. Finally, a comparation between the developed synthesis method based on the linear theory and an existing non-linear analysis approach is presented in order to get a verification for example designs. The difference between these two approaches is less than 0.5 % when both models undergo small deflections. This can approve the model to be used in precision engineering. For future research, the algorithm can be improved to investigate more models of mechanisms. Also, the method to solve the system of equations could have improvements because the average calculation time of one simulation is in the range of several minutes and is therefore comparatively long.Tesi

Subduction consequences along the Andean margin: thermal and topographic signature of an ancient ridge subduction in the Marañón Basin of Perú

All along the eastern border of the Andes lie foreland basins that are among the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces of the world. Their Cenozoic evolution was controlled by the Andean uplift and its consequences on deformation and sedimentation. In turn, the Andean uplift results from the interplay between the subducting Nazca oceanic plate and the South American continental plate. Although the process exists all along the margin, the subducting plate is not regular including bathymetric anomalies and segments that result in different response in the deformation and active volcanism of the overriding plate. In the Marañón Basin of Peru, evidences allow documenting the consequences of a topographic anomaly subduction on the thermal regime and deformation of the Andean foreland during the Neogene. In this basin, a maturity anomaly is difficult to explain by considering only the present day thermal regime. However, it spatially coincides with the trace of a lost subducting ridge, the Inca Plateau. Other features like differential uplift and erosion can be related to the same event in the area. We review the consequences of oceanic ridge subduction along the Andean margin. Their effects on the deformation and volcanism of the forearc and arc regions have been extensively described. Their influence on the present day foreland topography is testified by the existence of giant alluvial fans and displaced terraces. Their effect on magmatism and ore deposits formation has also been demonstrated. The example illustrated here shows that their influence on thermal regime, deformation, erosion and ultimately on petroleum systems must also be taken into account in the search for hydrocarbons in subduction related basins.All along the eastern border of the Andes lie foreland basins that are among the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces of the world. Their Cenozoic evolution was controlled by the Andean uplift and its consequences on deformation and sedimentation. In turn, the Andean uplift results from the interplay between the subducting Nazca oceanic plate and the South American continental plate. Although the process exists all along the margin, the subducting plate is not regular including bathymetric anomalies and segments that result in different response in the deformation and active volcanism of the overriding plate. In the Marañon Basin of Peru, evidences allow documenting the consequences of a topographic anomaly subduction on the thermal regime and deformation of the Andean foreland during the Neogene. In this basin, a maturity anomaly is difficult to explain by considering only the present day thermal regime. However, it spatially coincides with the trace of a lost subducting ridge, the Inca Plateau. Other features like differential uplift and erosion can be related to the same event in the area.We review the consequences of oceanic ridge subduction along the Andean margin. Their effects on the deformation and volcanism of the forearc and arc regions have been extensively described. Their influence on the present day foreland topography is testified by the existence of giant alluvial fans and displaced terraces. Their effect on magmatism and ore deposits formation has also been demonstrated.This example illustrated here shows that their influence on thermal regime, deformation, erosion and ultimately on petroleum systems, must also be taken into account in the search for hydrocarbons in subduction related basins

Brief considerations on business valuation methods

Nowadays, determining the value of a business has gained significant importance in academic and business fields, as the understanding of the value of an organization has become a key tool for the management and marketing of a business. Accordingly, numerous methods have been developed in order to perform these kinds of practices. In this article, the most used and current methods in processes of business evaluation are revised, observing their strengths and weaknesses, with the aim of comparing them and determining that the discounted cash flow methods are the most adequate procedures to perform this type of analysis

Disfunción familiar asociado a trastorno por juegos en internet en adolescentes

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer si la disfunción familiar se asocia con el trastorno por juegos en internet en adolescentes. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, analítico de corte transversal, que evaluó a 287 adolescentes, seleccionándose 255 según criterios de inclusión y exclusión que se atendieron en el consultorio de salud escolar y adolescente del Hospital Jerusalén en febrero del 2018. Los pacientes completaron cuestionarios como el test Apgar familiar para evaluar el grado de funcionalidad familiar y el test de Young para evaluar el trastorno por juegos en internet en pacientes adolescentes. Resultados: La prevalencia del trastornos por juegos de internet (TJI) alcanzó el 32.1%. El análisis bivariado identificó al sexo masculino [OR=1.96; IC95% (1.113.46); p=0.013], familia monoparental [OR=2.08; IC95% (1.04-4.34); p=0,038] y el promedio de horas diarias de juego de 5.1 + 1.5 horas (p=0.000) estar asociados a TJI. La proporción de disfunción familiar en adolescentes con TJI fue 79.3% con ORc = 4.24; IC 95% (2.30-7.82) y p=0.000. Tras realizar el análisis multivariado se encontró al promedio de horas diarias de juego [ORa = 0.15; IC95% (0.11- 0.21)] y la disfunción familiar [ORa= 4.68; IC95% (1.68-13.04)] como factores asociados a TJI en adolescentes. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de trastornos de juegos por internet es alta. El promedio de cinco horas diarias de juego por semana y la disfunción familiar son factores asociados a trastorno por juegos en internet. Estos hallazgos muestran potenciales factores que podrían abordarse a través de estrategias que mejoren este trastorno en adolescentes.Objective: The objective of this study was to establish if the family dysfunction is risk factor for disorder online teen games. Material and Methods: An observational, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, which evaluated 287 adolescents, selecting 255 according to inclusion and exclusion criteria that were attended in the school and adolescent health clinic of the Jerusalem Hospital in February 2018. The patients completed questionnaires with their general characteristics, the APGAR Familiar to evaluate the grade of familiar functionality and the Test Young to assess online gaming disorder in adolescent patients. Results: The prevalence of the disorders by games from the internet (TJI) reached 32.1%. The bivariate analysis identified the male sex [OR=1,96; IC95% (1.113.46); p=0.013], single-parent family [OR=2.08; IC95% (1,04-4.34); p=0,038] and average daily hours of play of 5.1 + 1.5 hours (p=0.000) were associated with TJI. The proportion of family dysfunction in adolescents with TJI was 79.3% with ORc = 4.24; IC 95% (2.30 -7.82) and p=0.000. After multivariate analysis it is considered at the average daily hours of play [ORa = 0.15; IC95% (0.11- 0.21)] and family dysfunction [ORa= 4.68; IC95% (1.69-13.30)] as independent factors associated with TJI in adolescents. Conclusions: The prevalence of disorders of internet gaming is high. The average of five daily hours of play per week and family dysfunction are factors associated with online game disorder.These findings show potential factors that could be addressed through strategies that that improve this disorder in adolescents.Tesi

Adaptación, validación y puntos de corte del Cuestionario de edades y etapas-3ra edición (ASQ-3) en español, en una zona urbana de Lima-Perú.

Objective: A cultural-linguistic adaptation of the Age and Stages Questionnaire third edition (ASQ-3)-Spanish version was performed in order to determine its reliability, validity and cut-off points in an urban population and pediatric outpatient setting of Lima, Perú.  Material and Methods: Questionnaire forms were applied to parents of children between 1 to 66 months old of age, chosen through a convenience sampling method. Results: A total of  5,830 questionnaires were applied to parents of 3,507 children, 2 667 (45.7%) of whom had between 14 and 36 months of age. The general internal consistency and that of five specific areas, measured by means of the Ordinary alpha index oscillated between 0.70-0.94. Content validity by judges’ criteria, using the index by Lawshe method, the Aiken V coefficient, or both, was  valid for most of the questionnaires. The biserial item-test correlations were > 0.30 for most items (p <0.010). The construct validity according to the factorial analysis, determined that the five factors or areas of the ASQ-3 were adequate. Cut-off points were determined by age and area intervals of ​​the ASQ-3. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the ASQ-3 proved to be a reliable and valid tool to survey and screen the psychomotor development of children under 5 years of age in an urban outpatient area setting of ​​Lima, Perú.Objetivo: Adaptar y determinar la confiabilidad, validez y puntos de corte de la versión en español del Cuestionario de edades y etapas tercera edición (ASQ-3), un instrumento de vigilancia y tamizaje del desarrollo psicomotor, en una población urbana de la zona norte de Lima, Perú. Material y Métodos: Mediante muestreo por conveniencia, se aplicaron formas del cuestionario ASQ-3 a padres de niños entre 1 a 66 meses de edad, en un entorno de consulta ambulatoria.  Resultados: Se aplicó un total de 5,830 cuestionarios correspondientes a 3,570 niños, 2,667 (45,7 %) de los cuales contaban entre 14 y 36 meses de edad. La consistencia interna general y por cada área del desarrollo, evaluadas mediante el Índice alfa ordinal, oscilaron entre 0,70 - 0,94. El Índice de validez de contenido por el criterio de jueces, medido con el método Lawshe, la V de Aiken o ambos, fue válido para la mayoría de los cuestionarios. La correlación biserial ítem-test fue > 0,30 en la mayoría de los ítems (p< 0,010). El Índice error medio cuadrático de aproximación (RMSEA) del análisis factorial fue < 0.10, puntualizando un nivel adecuado para las cinco áreas de evaluación del ASQ-3. Los puntos de corte fueron determinados por intervalos de edad y área. Conclusiones: La versión en español del ASQ-3 adaptada a la población del estudio demostró ser un instrumento confiable y válido para la vigilancia y tamizaje del desarrollo psicomotor de niños menores de 5 años de edad en un entorno urbano de consulta ambulatoria en Lima, Perú

Credit management and default of Banco Pichincha del Perú, period 2019

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de la gestión crediticia en la morosidad del área de microfinanzas del Banco Pichincha del Perú durante el año 2019, considerando información y data del área de microfinanzas de la agencia en mención. Método: La investigación fue de tipo descriptiva, de enfoque cuantitativo y presenta diseño no experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 124 créditos vencidos otorgados por parte del área de microfinanzas del Banco Pichincha del Perú, durante el periodo del 2019. Resultados: Los resultados de la investigación muestran incidencia significativa de la gestión crediticia en la morosidad, encontrando que el 9,12% de los créditos aprobados por el área de microfinanzas se encuentra con morosidad. Asimismo, en la gestión crediticia, se encuentra una correlación significativa negativa de -0,113 en cuanto a evaluación de créditos, y de la misma manera una correlación significativa negativa de -0,023 en cuanto a condiciones de crédito. Conclusión: Se concluye que las condiciones del crédito inciden significativamente en la morosidad del área de microfinanzas del Banco Pichincha del Perú, teniendo un grado de correlación significativa negativa de -0,027.Objective: To determine the incidence of credit management in the delinquency of the microfinance area of ​​Banco Pichincha del Peru during the year 2019, considering information and data from the microfinance area of ​​the agency in question. Method: The research was descriptive, transversal, has a quantitative approach, a non-experimental design, and a quantitative scope. The sample was made up of 124 overdue loans granted by the microfinance area of ​​Banco Pichincha del Peru, during the period of 2019. Results: The investigation’s results show a significant incidence of credit management on delinquencies, finding that 9,12% of the credits approved by the microfinance area are in arrears. Likewise, considering credit management, there is a negative correlation of -0,113 in terms of credit evaluation, and in the same way, a negative correlation of -0,023 in terms of credit conditions. Conclusion: It is concluded that credit conditions have a significant impact on delinquency in the microfinance area of ​​Banco Pichincha del Peru, showing a negative correlation degree of -0,027