Identificación y evaluación del impacto de hongos causantes de pudrición blanca en bosques de pino en el estado de Nuevo León, México

Debido a la importancia que representan los bosques de pinos en el estado de Nuevo León, se propone este proyecto con el objetivo principal de determinar el impacto de los hongos causantes de pudrición blanca con especial referencia al género Phellinus. Para esto, se establecieron parcelas de muestreo circulares en bosques de pino en varias localidades del estado de Nuevo León, se procedió a la evaluación de la presencia de pudrición mediante un método visual, por el sonido producido en la madera del fuste y mediante la toma de muestras con el taladro de Pressler y su posterior cultivo en cajas Petri en laboratorio. Se tomaron las variables silvícolas de todos los árboles muestreados para determinar los factores que favorecen la incidencia de pudrición. Se recolectaron e identificaron todos los hongos causantes de pudrición blanca en pinos. Se identificaron 77 taxa de macromicetos, 50 causan pudrición blanca y 27 pudrición café; además 76 morfoespecies de micromicetos. De estos, solo Phellinus pini y P. chrysoloma se encontraron asociados a la mortandad de Pinus greggii, encontrando un 11.66% de incidencia y 12.3% de severidad. La variable más asociada a esta enfermedad fue la altura. Además se estableció un turno fitopatológico de 50 años en esta especie. Abstract Pine forests are important plant communities in the state of Nuevo León. This project aims to determine the impact of white rot fungi, particularly the genus Phellinus. Circular sampling parcels were established in pine forest and white rot fungi were sampled using visual methods, sound methods and using the Pressler drill in order to obtain samples for culturing. Forest variables from all trees sampled were taken to determine which factors may be inducing presence of white rot fungi. Fungal species found were identified from pines. Were identified 77 taxa of macromycetes, 50 cause to white rot and 27 brown rot; besides 76 morphospecies of micromicetos. Of these, single Phellinus pini and P. chrysoloma were associate to the loss of Pinus greggii, finding 11,66% of incidence and 12,3% of severity. The associated variable more to this disease was the height. Besides was established a pathology turn of 50 years in this specie

Metallic elements in foliar material and fruits of three tree species as bioindicators

This study aimed to determine the presence of metal elements in fruits and leaves of three tree species as bioindicators in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Ninety fruit and 90 leaf samples (30 per tree species) were collected at five sites (agricultural, suburban, commercial and services, urban, and mining), using the site and the presence of P. laevigata, S. molle, and A. farnesiana as references. Total concentrations of 13 metal elements were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The species were significantly affected by Co, As, and Pb (ANOVA, p≤0.05). Considering the land use and the species, the contents determined in the leaves and fruits of the three species had sufficient and phytotoxic contents of Al, Cd, Co, Ni, Mn, Ti, and Cr, and excessive ranges with the possible phytotoxic effect of As, Cu, Pb, Zn, V, and Fe. The A. farnesiana had the highest concentrations of 12 heavy metals analyzed (HM). The variation in total metal concentrations between leaves and fruits ranged from 84.70 to 99.06%, with V, As, and Cr being prominent. The functionality of these tree species as phytoremediators and bioindicators is reviewed to evaluate environmental impacts on land use. Highlights Tree species represent a potential bioindicator for studying environmental pollutants due to their ability to accumulate heavy metals. The variation in total metal concentrations between leaves and fruits ranged from 84.70 to 99.06% The contents determined in the leaves and fruits of the three species trees had sufficient and phytotoxic HM contents. The tree species have phytoremediators capacity to evaluate environmental impacts and environmental contamination of land use.This study aimed to determine the presence of metal elements in fruits and leaves of three tree species as bioindicators in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Ninety fruit and 90 leaf samples (30 per tree species) were collected at five sites (agricultural, suburban, commercial and services, urban, and mining), using the site and the presence of P. laevigata, S. molle, and A. farnesiana as references. Total concentrations of 13 metal elements were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The species were significantly affected by Co, As, and Pb (ANOVA, p≤0.05). Considering the land use and the species, the contents determined in the leaves and fruits of the three species had sufficient and phytotoxic contents of Al, Cd, Co, Ni, Mn, Ti, and Cr, and excessive ranges with the possible phytotoxic effect of As, Cu, Pb, Zn, V, and Fe. The A. farnesiana had the highest concentrations of 12 heavy metals analyzed (HM). The variation in total metal concentrations between leaves and fruits ranged from 84.70 to 99.06%, with V, As, and Cr being prominent. The functionality of these tree species as phytoremediators and bioindicators is reviewed to evaluate environmental impacts on land use. Highlights Tree species represent a potential bioindicator for studying environmental pollutants due to their ability to accumulate heavy metals. The variation in total metal concentrations between leaves and fruits ranged from 84.70 to 99.06% The contents determined in the leaves and fruits of the three species trees had sufficient and phytotoxic HM contents. The tree species have phytoremediators capacity to evaluate environmental impacts and environmental contamination of land use

Diversidad de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares asociados al cedro rojo (Cedrela ororata L.) en dos ecosistemas tropicales de Veracruz, México.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Manejo de Recursos Naturales) UANL, 2012.UANLhttp://www.uanl.mx

Respuesta de Cedrela odorata L. a diversos inoculantes micorrízicos procedentes de dos ecosistemas tropicales

This study shows the effect of some inoculants of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the initial development Cedrela odorata L; for this, a bioassay was conducted with different inoculum sources of two tropical forests where this species is distributed in Veracruz state. Four treatments were applied: T1, direct inoculation with a spore consortium; T2: inoculation with mycorrhizal roots from field; T3: without inoculation; T4: native soil not sterile. (T1, T2 and T3 in native sterilized soil). The analyzed variables were dry aerial and root biomass, height, diameter, leaflets number, spores number, and colonization percentage. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between inoculants from medium tropical forest (MTF), where T4 was the best results followed by T2, while T3 observed the lowest values. Although the inoculants of high tropical forest (HTF), do not have statistical significance, the results were similar to those in the MTF. These results showed a good micorrhizal relationship between these fungi and C. odorata; for this reason, it is recommended to reproduce this fungus to use in plants production in order to obtain plants best adapted to natural conditions.El presente estudio muestra el efecto de algunos inoculantes de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) sobre el desarrollo inicial de Cedrela odorata L.; para ello, se realizó un bioensayo con diferentes fuentes de inóculo procedentes de dos ecosistemas tropicales donde se distribuye esta especie en el estado de Veracruz. Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos: T1, inoculación directa con un consorcio de esporas; T2, inoculación con raíces colonizadas de campo; T3, sin inoculación (testigo); T4, suelo nativo no estéril (T1, T2 y T3 en suelo nativo esterilizado). Las variables evaluadas fueron: biomasa seca aérea y radicular, altura, diámetro, número de foliolos, número de esporas y porcentaje de colonización. Los resultados mostraron diferencia estadística en las variables de crecimiento de los inoculantes provenientes de la selva mediana subperennifolia (SMS), donde T4 arrojó los mejores resultados, seguido por T2, mientras que T3 presentó los valores más bajos. Aunque los inoculantes de selva alta perennifolia (SAP) no mostraron diferencias estadísticas, su comportamiento fue similar a aquellos de la SMS. Lo anterior muestra la fuerte relación micorrízica entre los HMA y C. odorata; ante ello, se sugiere reproducir y utilizarlos en la producción de plántulas a fin de lograr una mejor adaptación al establecerlas en condiciones naturales

Improving Identification of Areas for Ecological Restoration for Conservation by Integrating USLE and MCDA in a GIS-Environment: A Pilot Study in a Priority Region Northern Mexico

Nature conservation is critical for securing an adequate supplying of environmental services to humans. Paradoxically, financial resources for conservation are normally scarce and, forest ecosystem restoration activities are expensive. So, a careful and detailed planning is vital for optimizing economic funds when ecosystems restoration practices are implemented. In this work, we developed a methodology to find physically-degraded sites in order to determine both, urgency and feasibility to carry out ecological forest restoration activities in the Priority Region for Conservation Xilitla in the state of San Luis Potosí (Mexico). Both, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were integrated together by using climatic, soil, remotely-sensed, and proximity data at a 30 m spatial resolution. The results indicated that, more than 80% of the bare soil land in the protected area is under several conditions that lead to feasible ecosystem restoration. This methodology can be further applied to know about the spatial location of soil degraded sites when planning forest restoration practices in natural protected areas