Exogenous effects of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid on the fatty acid distribution and the regulation of lipid metabolism in ruminant tissues

This work is concerned with the exogenous effects of alpha-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) on the fatty acid distribution and the regulation of lipid metabolism in ruminant tissues. Two animal experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diets enriched in ALA or LA in German Simmental and Holstein bulls. The influence of LA and ALA enriched diets on the protein expression of lipogenic enzymes in cattle, the tissue specific differences and the relationship between protein expression of lipogenic enzymes, enzyme activities and the products of these enzymes as well as the absorption and deposition of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in ruminants and beef products was analyzed. Feeding a diet enriched in LA or ALA results in an increased deposition of these fatty acids, induced chain elongation, desaturation and deposition of the long-chain products in tissues of ruminants. Essential fatty acids are preferentially deposited in longissimus muscle (MLD) compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and also preferred in erythrocytes; conclusively they are good long-time marker for the fatty acid intake. Despite the low proportion of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver of ruminants the concentration of n-3 fatty acids and de novo synthesised n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is much higher compared to MLD. Summarizing, there is a tissue specific incorporation and deposition of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids depending on the function of the respective tissue. The production conditions of German Corned beef and tea sausage spread made from the meat of the German Holstein bulls did not lead to a loss of beneficial n-3 fatty acids. The SCD protein expression and the enzyme activity are more inhibited by n-3 fatty acids than by n-6 fatty acids in different tissues of bulls. It is of interest to figure out the mechanisms how the tissue-specific effect of Δ6D works on protein expression level and on the level of activity

J-Class Abelian Semigroups of Matrices on C^n and Hypercyclicity

We give a characterization of hypercyclic finitely generated abelian semigroups of matrices on C^n using the extended limit sets (the J-sets). Moreover we construct for any n\geq 2 an abelian semigroup G of GL(n;C) generated by n + 1 diagonal matrices which is locally hypercyclic but not hypercyclic and such that JG(e_k) = C^n for every k = 1; : : : ; n, where (e_1; : : : ; e_n) is the canonical basis of C^n. This gives a negative answer to a question raised by Costakis and Manoussos.Comment: 10 page

Hypercyclic Abelian Semigroups of Matrices on Rn

We give a complete characterization of existence of dense orbit for any abelian semigroup of matrices on R^{n}. For finitely generated semigroups, this characterization is explicit and it is used to determine the minimal number of matrices in normal form over R which form a hypercyclic abelian semigroup on R^{n}. In particular, we show that no abelian semigroup generated by [(n+1)/2] matrices on Rn can be hyper-cyclic. ([ ] denotes the integer part).Comment: 19 page

Renal Arterial Calibre after Acute Unilateral Ureteric Occlusion

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72406/1/j.1440-1673.1970.tb02908.x.pd

Effect of dietary fatty acids on expression of lipogenic enzymes and fatty acid profile in tissues of bulls

This study investigated the effects of dietary linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) v. linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) on fatty acid composition and protein expression of key lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and delta 6 desaturase (6d) in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of bulls. Supplementation of the diet with C18:3n-3 was accompanied by an increased level of n-3 fatty acids in muscle which resulted in decrease of n-6/n-3 ratio. The diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly inhibited SCD protein expression in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and reduced the 6d expression in muscle. There was no significant effect of the diet on ACC protein expression. Inhibition of the 6d expression was associated with a decrease in n-6 PUFA level in muscles, whereas repression of SCD protein was related to a lower oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) content in the adipose tissue. Expression of ACC, SCD and 6d proteins was found to be relatively higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue when compared with longissimus muscle. It is suggested that dietary manipulation of fatty acid composition in ruminants is mediated, at least partially, through the regulation of lipogenic enzymes expression and that regulation of the bovine lipogenic enzymes expression is tissue specific. © 2010 The Animal Consortium

Development of a new assessment tool for cervical myelopathy using hand-tracking sensor: Part 1: validity and reliability

Purpose To assess the reliability and validity of a hand motion sensor, Leap Motion Controller (LMC), in the 15-s hand grip-and-release test, as compared against human inspection of an external digital camera recording. Methods Fifty healthy participants were asked to fully grip-and-release their dominant hand as rapidly as possible for two trials with a 10-min rest in-between, while wearing a non-metal wrist splint. Each test lasted for 15 s, and a digital camera was used to film the anterolateral side of the hand on the first test. Three assessors counted the frequency of grip-and-release (G-R) cycles independently and in a blinded fashion. The average mean of the three was compared with that measured by LMC using the Bland–Altman method. Test–retest reliability was examined by comparing the two 15-s tests. Results The mean number of G-R cycles recorded was: 47.8 ± 6.4 (test 1, video observer); 47.7 ± 6.5 (test 1, LMC); and 50.2 ± 6.5 (test 2, LMC). Bland–Altman indicated good agreement, with a low bias (0.15 cycles) and narrow limits of agreement. The ICC showed high inter-rater agreement and the coefficient of repeatability for the number of cycles was ±5.393, with a mean bias of 3.63. Conclusions LMC appears to be valid and reliable in the 15-s grip-and-release test. This serves as a first step towards the development of an objective myelopathy assessment device and platform for the assessment of neuromotor hand function in general. Further assessment in a clinical setting and to gauge healthy benchmark values is warranted