ANALISIS YURIDIS KEWENANGAN KESATUAN PENJAGAAN LAUT DAN PANTAI DALAM PENINDAKAN PELANGGARAN HAK LINTAS DAMAI PELAYARAN DI PERAIRAN INDONESIA

Each country basically has the right to sail in its territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, open sea, and territorial sea belonging to other countries. But in this case relating to the right to sail at sea or territorial waters belonging to other countries, Subject to the provisions of the 1982 Sea Law Convention II, ships of all countries, both coastal and non-coastal countries, enjoy the right of peaceful crossing through territorial seas. The problem in this study is how the legal arrangement of the authority of the sea and coast guard unit in the enforcement of violations of the right to cross the peace in Indonesian waters ,. The conclusion of this study Law enforcement at sea is still sectoral because many government agencies are authorized at sea with various legal bases at their disposal and have the potential to cause many legal problems, including overlapping authority between law enforcement agencies which causes conflicts between law enforcement agencies so optimize the interagency sector that exists in the supervision and protection of jurisdictions in the waters, and strict sanctions must be held against violations of the right to peace in the path of the rights to peace in Indonesia   Keywords: Authority, Sea and Coast Guard Unit, Right of Peace    ABSTRAK Setiap negara pada dasarnya memiliki hak untuk berlayar di laut teritorialnya, Zona ekonomi eksklusif, laut lepas, dan laut territorial milik negara lain. Namun dalam hal ini berhubungan dengan hak untuk berlayar di laut atau perairan teritorial milik Negara lain, Dengan tunduk pada ketentuan Konvensi Hukum Laut II  Tahun 1982 , kapal semua negara, baik negara berpantai ataupun negara tak berpantai, menikmati hak lintas damai melalui laut teritorial. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pengaturan hukum kewenangan kesatuan penjagaan laut dan pantai dalam penindakan pelanggaran hak lintas damai di perairan indonesia,.  Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini  Penindakan hukum di laut masih bersifat sektoral karena banyak instansi pemerintah yang berwenang di laut dengan berbagai dasar hukum yang dimilikinya dan berpotensi menimbulkan banyak permasalahan hukum, di antaranya tumpang tindih wewenang antar instansi penegak hukum yang menimbulkan konflik antar lembaga penegak hukum sehingga perlu mengoptimalkan sektor antar lembaga yang ada dalam pengawasan dan perlindungan wilayah hukum di perairan, serta perlu diadakan sanksi yang tegas terhadap pelangaran hak lintas damai di jalur hak lintas damai di perairan indonesia   Kata Kunci: Kewenangan, Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, Hak Lintas Dama

Regulatory Dualism as a Development Strategy: Corporate Reform in Brazil, the U.S., and the EU

Countries pursuing economic development confront a fundamental obstacle. Reforms that increase the size of the overall pie are blocked by powerful interests that are threatened by the growth-inducing changes. This problem is conspicuous in efforts to create effective capital markets to support economic growth. Controlling owners and managers of established firms successfully oppose corporate governance reforms that would improve investor protection and promote capital market development. In this article, we examine the promise of regulatory dualism as a strategy to diffuse the tension between future growth and the current distribution of wealth and power. Regulatory dualism seeks to mitigate political opposition to reforms by permitting the existing business elite to be governed by the old regime, while allowing other firms to be regulated by a new parallel regime that is more efficient. Regulatory dualism goes beyond similar but simpler strategies, such as grandfathering and statutory menus, by incorporating a dynamic element that is key to its effectiveness, but that requires a sophisticated approach to implementation. A paradigmatic example of regulatory dualism is offered by Brazil’s “New Market” (Novo Mercado), a voluntary premium segment within the São Paulo Stock Exchange that allows companies to commit credibly to significant protection of minority shareholders without imposing reform on companies controlled by the established elite. Yet regulatory dualism as a strategy for capital market reform is not unique to Brazil, nor is it suited just to developing countries. The long-standing U.S. approach to state-level corporate chartering is arguably better understood as a form of regulatory dualism than – as is the custom – as a form of regulatory competition, and the same can be said of EU corporate law post-Centros. The dramatic failure of Germany’s Neuer Markt illustrates some of the pitfalls of regulatory dualism. If thoughtfully deployed, however, regulatory dualism holds substantial promise in overcoming political barriers to reform, not just of corporate governance and capital markets, but of other economic institutions as well

Media of Video for Enhancing Knowledge of Toothbrushing for Children Aged 8 – 9 in Cempaka Village

Knowledge about health obtained in school is one of the guarantees of a healthy society. Maintaining dental hygiene through tooth brushing is among the ways improving health. Health does not only relate to the normal condition; it is a process of increasing the degree of complete health. Children and adolescents are a particular target group for health education, this is because children have much lower immunity than adults. It takes suitable media to support children's knowledge through learning. The objective of this study is to analyze the significancy of using video as media to improve knowledge of brushing teeth in children aged 8-9 years. Methods: This study used an analytic method of one group pretest-posttest design. The technique of sampling was Accidental Sampling with inclusion criteria. The amount of sample is 35 aged 8-9 years, with the total of 80 respondents. The results of the paired sample t test showed a significant difference observed from the p-value 0.00, hence Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. The research concludes that video media affects the improved knowledge of brushing teeth

Estrategias de aprendizaje utilizadas por estudiantes universitarios y de posgrado en asignaturas semi-presenciales en el área de la salud

Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar os hábitos e estratégias de aprendizagem de graduandos e pós-graduandos em uma universidade brasileira, matriculados em disciplinas semipresenciais da área de saúde. Foram convidados todos os 220 alunos concluintes, dos quais 67,27% aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Foi utilizada metodologia exploratória, que analisou dados quantitativos, coletados por um instrumento estruturado. Pôde-se observar semelhança entre graduandos e pós-graduandos quanto à maioria dos hábitos de ensino e estratégias de aprendizagem, assim como maior proporção daqueles que leram mais da metade do conteúdo, dos que preferem estudar sozinhos, além do elevado uso da maioria das estratégias avaliadas. Conclui-se que ambos os grupos apresentaram hábitos de estudo adequados e utilizaram satisfatoriamente as estratégias de aprendizagens investigadas. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the learning habits and strategies of undergraduate and post-graduate students matriculated in hybrid courses in the area of healthcare at a Brazilian university. 220 graduate students were invited to participate in the research, of whom 67.27% accepted. An exploratory methodology was utilized, which analyzed quantitative data collected by a structured instrument. A similarity may be observed between undergraduate and postgraduate students concerning the majority of education habits and learning strategies, such as the large proportion of those who read more than  half of the  course content and of those who preferred to study alone, as well as in the high use of the majority of strategies evaluated. It is concluded that both the groups present appropriate study habits and satisfactorily used the learning strategies investigated. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENEste estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los hábitos y las estrategias de aprendizaje de los estudiantes universitarios y de posgrado en una universidad brasileña, matriculados en las asignaturas semi-presenciales del área de la salud. Fueron invitados a todos los 220 estudiantes graduados, de los cuales 67,27% aceptaron participar de la investigación. Se utilizó una metodología exploratoria, que analizó los datos cuantitativos recogidos por un instrumento estructurado. Se pudo observar una similitud entre los estudiantes universitarios y de posgrado acerca de los de la mayoría de los hábitos de enseñanza y estrategias de aprendizaje, así como una mayor proporción de los que leyeron más de la mitad del contenido, de los que prefieren estudiar solos, además de la elevada utilización por la mayoría, de las estrategias evaluadas. Llegamos a la conclusión de que ambos los grupos presentaron hábitos adecuados de estudio y se utilizaron de manera satisfactoria de las estrategias de aprendizaje investigadas

Estratégias de aprendizagem utilizadas por graduandos e pós-graduandos em disciplinas semipresenciais da área de saúde

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los hábitos y las estrategias de aprendizaje de los estudiantes universitarios y de posgrado en una universidad brasileña, matriculados en las asignaturas semi-presenciales del área de la salud. Fueron invitados a todos los 220 estudiantes graduados, de los cuales 67,27% aceptaron participar de la investigación. Se utilizó una metodología exploratoria, que analizó los datos cuantitativos recogidos por un instrumento estructurado. Se pudo observar una similitud entre los estudiantes universitarios y de posgrado acerca de los de la mayoría de los hábitos de enseñanza y estrategias de aprendizaje, así como una mayor proporción de los que leyeron más de la mitad del contenido, de los que prefieren estudiar solos, además de la elevada utilización por la mayoría, de las estrategias evaluadas. Llegamos a la conclusión de que ambos los grupos presentaron hábitos adecuados de estudio y se utilizaron de manera satisfactoria de las estrategias de aprendizaje investigadas.Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar os hábitos e estratégias de aprendizagem de graduandos e pós-graduandos em uma universidade brasileira, matriculados em disciplinas semipresenciais da área de saúde. Foram convidados todos os 220 alunos concluintes, dos quais 67,27% aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Foi utilizada metodologia exploratória, que analisou dados quantitativos, coletados por um instrumento estruturado. Pôde-se observar semelhança entre graduandos e pós-graduandos quanto à maioria dos hábitos de ensino e estratégias de aprendizagem, assim como maior proporção daqueles que leram mais da metade do conteúdo, dos que preferem estudar sozinhos, além do elevado uso da maioria das estratégias avaliadas. Conclui-se que ambos os grupos apresentaram hábitos de estudo adequados e utilizaram satisfatoriamente as estratégias de aprendizagens investigadas.This study aimed to investigate the learning habits and strategies of undergraduate and post-graduate students matriculated in hybrid courses in the area of healthcare at a Brazilian university. 220 graduate students were invited to participate in the research, of whom 67.27% accepted. An exploratory methodology was utilized, which analyzed quantitative data collected by a structured instrument. A similarity may be observed between undergraduate and postgraduate students concerning the majority of education habits and learning strategies, such as the large proportion of those who read more than half of the course content and of those who preferred to study alone, as well as in the high use of the majority of strategies evaluated. It is concluded that both the groups present appropriate study habits and satisfactorily used the learning strategies investigated

Laboratory synthesis of goethite and ferrihydrite of controlled particle sizes

"Iron oxyhydroxides, such as goethite and ferrihydrite, are highly abundant and ubiquitous minerals in geochemical environments. Because of their small particle sizes, their surface reactivity is high towards adsorption of anions and cations of environmental relevance. For this reason these minerals are extensively studied in environmental geochemistry, and also are very important for environmental and industrial applications. In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of goethite and ferrihydrite of controlled particle sizes. It has been shown that surface reactivity of these minerals is highly dependent on crystal sizes, even after normalizing by specific surface area. In order to investigate the reasons for this changing reactivity it is necessary to work with reproducible particle sizes of these minerals. We investigated here the experimental conditions to synthesize goethite samples of four different specific surface areas: ca. 40, 60, 80 and 100 m2 g-1, through the controlled speed of hydroxide addition during hydrolysis of acid Fe(III) solutions. In the case of 2-line ferrihydrite, samples with two different particle sizes were prepared by changing the aging time under the pH conditions of synthesis (pH = 7.5). The synthesized minerals were identified and characterized by: X-ray diffraction, N2adsorption BET specific surface area, transmission electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and maximum Cr(VI) adsorption.""Los oxihidróxidos de hierro, como la goetita y ferrihidrita, son minerales altamente abundantes y ubicuos en ambientes geoquímicos. Su reactividad superficial es alta hacia la adsorción de aniones y cationes de relevancia ambiental dados sus pequeños tamaños de partícula. Por esta razón estos minerales son estudiados extensamente en geoquímica ambiental, y también son muy importantes en aplicaciones ambientales e industriales. En el presente trabajo reportamos la síntesis y caracterización de goetitas y ferrihidritas de tamaño de partícula controlado dado que se ha demostrado que su reactividad superficial es altamente dependiente de sus tamaños cristalinos, aún después de normalizar por su área superficial específica. Para investigar las razones de estos cambios de reactividad es necesario trabajar con tamaños de partícula reproducibles de estos minerales. Aquí presentamos las condiciones experimentales para sintetizar muestras de goetita de cuatro diferentes áreas superficiales específicas: ca. 40, 60, 80 y 100 m2 g-1, a través de la velocidad controlada de adición de hidróxido durante la hidrólisis de soluciones ácidas de Fe(III). En el caso de ferrihidrita de 2 líneas, se prepararon muestras con dos tamaños diferentes de partícula cambiando el tiempo de añejamiento bajo las condiciones de pH de síntesis (pH=7.5). Los minerales sintetizados se identificaron y caracterizaron por: difracción de rayos X, área superficial específica por adsorción de N2 BET, microscopía de transmisión electrónica, espectroscopía de infrarrojo de transformada de Fourier con reflectancia total atenuada, y adsorción de Cr(VI) máxima.

Estimación de pérdidas y nivel de daño económico para Diatraea saccharalis, en caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) cosecha 2016-2020

La investigación se realizó en cooperación con Ingenio El Ángel y la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de La Universidad de El Salvador. Se procesó la información que se había generado por el Ingenio en las últimas 4 zafras, considerando el material de caña cosechado en 17 lotes cañeros ubicados en su zona de influencia, y que presentaron registros de daño por Diatraea durante la entrega en zafra entre 2016 a 2020. Los datos se ocuparon para estimar pérdidas causadas por barrenador. Mediante revisión bibliográfica de controles químicos y biológicos se modeló una tabla de sensibilidad que permitió medir una densidad poblacional (NDE) utilizable para tomar decisiones de control en campo. La evaluación de simetría de los datos mostró poca homogeneidad, por lo que se transformaron las variables: kilogramos de azúcar por manzana (KgAz/mz), y Toneladas de azúcar por manzana (TonAz/mz) con un arreglo cuadrático y luego se sometió a un análisis bajo el Modelo Mixto. Los datos encontrados mostraron una baja relación entre los rendimientos y los índices de daño (p>0.05). Presentando valores significativos solamente la regresión del cuadrado de kilogramos de azúcar por Tonelada (cuadKgAz/Ton) con el índice de infestación (IF). Los valores de R2, presentaron un comportamiento por debajo del valor que podría significar una relación entre variables (r=0.02 a 0.07). Se observó que la variable independiente explica en un 7% los resultados de la variable dependiente. Lo anterior sugiere que hay otras variables que están influyendo en las variables de rendimiento que no se tomaron en cuenta en los muestreos realizados en patio, como los son: fertilización, control de plagas y enfermedades, tipo de cosecha, entre otras. No se descarta que pueda haber relación estadística, pero con la información recolectada, no fue posible detectarla. Palabras clave: Diatraea saccharallis, modelo mixto, rendimiento de campo, rendimiento de fábrica, estimación de pérdid

ERA Fabric Map - Second Edition

This ERA fabric map gives a snapshot of the ERA today. It looks at the division of responsibilities between EU and Member States, and at institutions and bodies involved in the European research system. Starting from the six ERA dimensions described in the ERA Green Paper, the report then looks where we are today, and which direction the future is taking, given the policy context of Europe 2020. Involvement of stakeholders in further building the ERA is looked at by analysing their involvement in a number of existing ERA instruments, using a taxonomy of stakeholder roles and functions. The report has been written as part of the FP7 project Forward Visions on the European Research Area (VERA). This first edition will be updated twice as part of the VERA project.JRC.J.2-Knowledge for Growt