El maltrato infantil en el seno familiar como violación al principio del interés superior del niño, niña y adolescente en el derecho salvadoreño.

Evolución y desarrollo de las causas que originan el maltrato infantil en el seno familiar – Maltrato infantil causas, efectos y formas como violación al principio del interés superior del niño, niña y adolescente -- Instituciones responsables de combatir el maltrato infantil – Legislación especial que regula el maltrato infantil en El Salvador – El seno familiar como principal vulnerador del principio del interés superior del niño, niña y adolescente

Epigenetic control of the bone-master Runx2 gene during Osteoblast-lineage commitment by the Histone Demethylase JARID1B/KDM5B

Q2Q128329-28342Transcription factor Runx2 controls bone development and osteoblast differentiation by regulating expression of a significant number of bone-related target genes. Here, we report that transcriptional activation and repression of the Runx2 gene via its osteoblast-specific P1 promoter (encoding mRNA for the Runx2/p57 isoform) is accompanied by selective deposition and elimination of histone marks during differentiation of mesenchymal cells to the osteogenic and myoblastic lineages. These epigenetic profiles are mediated by key components of the Trithorax/COMPASS-like and Polycomb group complexes together with histone arginine methylases like PRMT5 and lysine demethylases like JARID1B/KDM5B. Importantly, knockdown of the H3K4me2/:3 demethylase JARID1B, but not of the demethylases UTX and N066, prevents repression of the Runx2 P1 promoter during myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells. The epigenetically forced expression of Runx2/p57 and osteocalcin, a classical bone-related target gene, under myoblastic-differentiation is accompanied by enrichment of the H3K/Ime3 and H3K27ac marks at the Runx2 P1 promoter region. Our results identify JARID1B as a key component of a potent epigenetic switch that controls mesenchymal cell fate into myogenic and osteogenic lineages

Primary lung cancer cell culture from transthoracic needle biopsy samples

Artículo de investigación1-14Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. The high mortality rate of this pathology is directly related to its late detection, since its symptoms can be masked by other diseases of lower risk. Although in recent years the number of research related to this subject has increased, molecular mechanisms that trigger this disease remains poorly understood. Experimental models are therefore vital for use in research. Immortalized cell lines have inherent limitations. Explanted tumoral cells obtained by transthoracic needle biopsy can be a potential source of primary culture of human lung tumor cells. Tumor specimens from 14 patients suspected of primary or metastatic lung cancer were obtained by CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy. Solid tumors were mechanically disaggregated under a stereoscope. Cells were cultured in Base C growth media supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum in 24-well cell culture plates. Primary lung cancer cell culture was successfully cultured from 12 out of 14 patients. Once a confluent monolayer was obtained, cells were enzymatically harvested and passaged to Petri culture dishes. These primary cell cultures were characterized by cytogenetic tests and gene expression analysis of diagnostic markers. These primary cell cultures revealed chromosome rearrangements and changes in their chromosome complement typical of tumoral cells. Additionally, Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that three cultures exhibited EGFR amplification. Finally, expression profiles of CK7, NAPSIN A, TTF1, and P63 genes allowed in some cases to confirm sample tumor phenotype. These results demonstrate that primary lung cancer cell culture is possible from percutaneous puncture and provides an important biological source to asses and investigate the molecular mechanisms of lung cancer

Evolution of the interaction between Runx2 and VDR, two transcription factors involved in osteoblastogenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The mineralized skeleton is a major evolutionary novelty that has contributed to the impressive morphological diversifications of the vertebrates. Essential to bone biology is the solidified extracellular matrix secreted by highly specialized cells, the osteoblasts. We now have a rather complete view of the events underlying osteogenesis, from a cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic perspective. Because this knowledge is still largely restricted to mammals, it is difficult, if not impossible, to deduce the evolutionary history of the regulatory network involved in osteoblasts specification and differentiation. In this study, we focused on the transcriptional regulators Runx2 and VDR (the Vitamin D Receptor) that, in mammals, directly interact together and stabilize complexes of co-activators and chromatin remodellers, thereby allowing the transcriptional activation of target genes involved in extracellular matrix mineralization. Using a combination of functional, biochemical, and histological approaches, we have asked if the interaction observed between Runx2 and VDR represents a recent mammalian innovation, or if it results from more ancient changes that have occurred deep in the vertebrate lineage.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using immunohistochemistry and <it>in situ </it>hybridization in developing embryos of chick, frog and teleost fishes, we have revealed that the co-expression of Runx2 and VDR in skeletal elements has been particularly strengthened in the lineage leading to amniotes. We show that the teleost Runx2 orthologue as well as the three mammalian Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3 paralogues are able to co-immunoprecipitate with the VDR protein present in nuclear extracts of rat osteoblasts stimulated with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. In addition, the teleost Runx2 can activate the transcription of the mammalian <it>osteocalcin </it>promoter in transfection experiments, and this response can be further enhanced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Finally, using pull-down experiments between recombinant proteins, we show that the VDR homologue from teleosts, but not from ascidians, is able to directly interact with the mammalian Runx2 homologue.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We propose an evolutionary scenario for the assembly of the molecular machinery involving Runx2 and VDR in vertebrates. In the last common ancestor of actinopterygians and sacropterygians, the three Runx paralogues possessed the potential to physically and functionally interact with the VDR protein. Therefore, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃might have been able to modulate the transcriptional activity of Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in the tissues expressing VDR. After the split from amphibians, in the lineage leading to amniotes, Runx2 and VDR became robustly co-expressed in developing skeletal elements, and their regulatory interaction was incorporated in the genetic program involved in the specification and differentiation of osteoblasts.</p

Genetic and biological characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. causing crown and root rot of strawberry

In recent years, crown and root rot of strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. has affected strawberry production areas worldwide, and in developed countries its emergency has been attributed to the replacement of methyl bromide. The disease was reported in strawberry crop in Chile in 2013, in fields without fumigation. The use of resistant cultivars rises as an alternative to the management of this disease. The objective of this study was to perform a biological and molecular characterization of isolates obtained from two growing regions in Chile and Spain. A total of 35 isolates were characterized for mycelial growth at different temperatures and for chlorate sensitivity. Seven simple sequence repeat loci were used for genetic characterization. Differences were found between Chilean and Spanish isolates in both characterizations. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was lower in Chilean than in Spanish isolates (30 and 35 °C, respectively). Meanwhile, Chilean isolates were more sensitive to chlorate. In terms of genetic characterization, Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.38 to 0.85, two main groups were identified, the first group included Spanish isolates and the second group corresponded to Chilean isolates, results were supported by a population structure analysis. This study determined clear differences between two populations of Chilean and Spanish M. phaseolina isolates as causal agent of crown and root rot of strawberry

Preferences for lamb’s meat in supermarkets in temuco, la araucanía region, Chile

Los bajos niveles de consumo de carne ovina en Chile hacen necesario realizar estudios sobre las preferencias de los consumidores con el propósito de orientar la producción. Para esto se evaluaron las preferencias hacia distintos cortes, raza, estado (fresca o congelada) y precio de carne de cordero en compradores de supermercado de Temuco, Chile, y la existencia de diferentes segmentos de mercado, mediante una encuesta a 400 personas. Utilizando un diseño factorial fraccionado de análisis conjunto se determinó que el estado de la carne fue más importante que el corte o despiece, el precio y la raza, con preferencia hacia la carne en medias canales y cuartos, fresca, de cordero Araucano, a un nivel medio de precio. Mediante análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos se diferenciaron cuatro segmentos. El grupo mayoritario (47,7%) fue sensible al estado y al despiece, con preferencia hacia la carne en cuartos, fresca, raza Texel. El segundo grupo (25,3%) fue sensible a la raza, presentando las mayores preferencias hacia la carne en canal entera, fresca, Araucano. El tercer grupo (14,3%) fue sensible al precio, prefirió la carne en cuartos, fresca y Araucano. El grupo minoritario (12,7%) fue sensible al estado y precio, prefirió la carne en cuartos, Texel, y fue el único que prefirió la carne congelada y pagar un precio mayor. Los segmentos se diferenciaron según la edad, origen étnico y satisfacción con la alimentación. Por tanto, la estrategia de comercialización de carne de cordero en supermercados de Temuco debe centrarse principalmente en la venta de carne fresca y cortada en [email protected] low levels of consumption of lamb meat in Chile suggest the need for studies on consumer preferences in order to orient production. A study with this object was carried out to evaluate preferences for various cuts, breeds, state (fresh or frozen) and price of lamb’s meat among supermarket buyers in Temuco, Chile, and the existence of different market segments, through a survey of 400 persons. Using a fractional factorial design for conjoint analysis, it was determined that the state of the meat was more important than the cut, the price and the breed, with a preference for meat in half carcasses and quarters, Araucano lamb, fresh, at a medium price level. Four consumer segments were distinguished by analysis of hierarchic conglomerates. The majority group (47.7%) was sensitive to the state and the cut, with preference for meat in quarters, fresh, Texel breed. The second group (25.3%) was sensitive to the breed, presenting the strongest preferences for meat in whole carcass, fresh, Araucano lamb. The third group (14.3%) was sensitive to the price, preferred meat in quarters, fresh, Araucano lamb. The minority group (12.7%) was sensitive to the state and price, preferring meat in quarters, Texel breed, and was the only group which preferred frozen meat and would pay a higher price. The segments were distinguished by age, ethnic origin and satisfaction with food-related life. Thus the commercialisation strategy for lamb in supermarkets in Temuco should concentrate principally on the sale of fresh meat cut in quarters

Transcriptional regulation of CDKN2A/p16 by sirtuin 7 in senescence

Q3Q3Cell senescence is a state of limited cell prolif‑ eration during a stress response or as part of a programmed process. When a senescent cell stops dividing, maintaining metabolic activity contributes to cellular homeostasis mainte‑ nance. In this process, the cell cycle is arrested at the G0/G1 phase. p16INK4A protein is a key regulator of this process via its cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) function. CDKI 2A (CDKN2A)/p16 gene expression is regulated by DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+ )‑dependent deacetylases that have properties which prevent diseases and reverse certain aspects of aging (such as immune, metabolic and cardiovas‑ cular diseases). By performing quantitative PCR, Western blot, ChIP, and siRNAs assays, in this study it was demon‑ strated that CDKN2A/p16 gene transcriptional activation and repression were accompanied by selective deposition and elimination of histone acetylation during the senescence of MRC5 cells. Specifically, significant H3K9Ac and H3K18Ac enrichment in cells with a senescent phenotype concomitant with CDKN2A/p16 gene overexpression was demonstrated compared with the non‑senescent phenotype. Furthermore, the presence of H3K18Ac in deacetyl‑transferase SIRT7 knockdown MRC5 cells allowed CDKN2A/p16 promoter activation. These results suggested that SIRT7 served as a critical component of an epigenetic mechanism involved in senescence mediated by the CDKN2A/p16 gene.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8225-4394https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-2835https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-4433Revista Internacional - IndexadaBN