An Investigation Comparing Teacher and Administrator Perception of the Actual and Ideal Roles of Texas Public School Superintendents

The problem of this study was to compare concepts of the actual and ideal roles of school superintendents as they are perceived by superintendents and by classroom teacher presidents

European Code against Cancer, 4th Edition: Cancer screening

In order to update the previous version of the European Code against Cancer and formulate evidence-based recommendations, a systematic search of the literature was performed according to the methodology agreed by the Code Working Groups. Based on the review, the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer recommends: “Take part in organized cancer screening programmes for: • Bowel cancer (men and women)• Breast cancer (women)• Cervical cancer (women).”Organized screening programs are preferable because they provide better conditions to ensure that the Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Screening are followed in order to achieve the greatest benefit with the least harm. Screening is recommended only for those cancers where a demonstrated life-saving effect substantially outweighs the potential harm of examining very large numbers of people who may otherwise never have, or suffer from, these cancers, and when an adequate quality of the screening is achieved. EU citizens are recommended to participate in cancer screening each time an invitation from the national or regional screening program is received and after having read the information materials provided and carefully considered the potential benefits and harms of screening. Screening programs in the European Union vary with respect to the age groups invited and to the interval between invitations, depending on each country's cancer burden, local resources, and the type of screening test used For colorectal cancer, most programs in the EU invite men and women starting at the age of 50–60 years, and from then on every 2 years if the screening test is the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test or fecal immunochemical test, or every 10 years or more if the screening test is flexible sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy. Most programs continue sending invitations to screening up to the age of 70–75 years. For breast cancer, most programs in the EU invite women starting at the age of 50 years, and not before the age of 40 years, and from then on every 2 years until the age of 70–75 years. For cervical cancer, if cytology (Pap) testing is used for screening, most programs in the EU invite women starting at the age of 25–30 years and from then on every 3 or 5 years. If human papillomavirus testing is used for screening, most women are invited starting at the age of 35 years (usually not before age 30 years) and from then on every 5 years or more. Irrespective of the test used, women continue participating in screening until the age of 60 or 65 years, and continue beyond this age unless the most recent test results are normal

Die Neu-Definition von Kinderbetreuung. Institutionelle Früherziehung in Großbritannien nach 1945

This article provides a general historical overview of the emergence and development of early childhood education and care (ECEC) in post-war Britain, before focusing on the twin influences of New Labour and feminism in the promotion of various forms of ECEC as part of wider political and ideological agendas. These agendas, it is argued, have led, and continue to lead, to what in effect is the commodification of motherhood and the neglect of virtually all ethical considerations of ECEC as institutional practice. The extent to which certain political and economic agendas are ethically compatible with respectfor children \u27s entitlements needs to be examined and the latter should be given paramount consideration. (DIPF/Orig.)Der Artikel gibt einen allgemeinen historischen Überblick über Entstehung und Entwicklung institutioneller Erziehung und Bildung der frühen Kindheit in Großbritannien nach dem 2. Weltkrieg. Sodann geht er auf die Einflüsse ein, die New Labour und der Feminismus im Rahmen ihrer breiteren politischen und ideologischen Programme auf die Förderung des Früherziehungssystems nehmen. Diese Programme, so wird argumentiert - haben in der Vergangenheit dazu geführt und führen auch weiterhin im Ergebnis zur Erwerbsförmigkeit der Mutterrolle sowie zur Vernachlässigung nahezu aller ethischen Erwägungen zur institutionellen Erziehung und Bildung in früher Kindheit. Das Ausmaß, in dem bestimmte politische und ökonomische Programme mit den Ansprüchen von Kindern vereinbar sind, muß geprüft werden; dabei sollte diesen höchste Priorität eingeräumt werden. (DIPF/Orig.