GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANORODS USING AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF KALANCHOE PINNATA FRESH LEAVES AND ITS SYNERGISTIC EFFECT WITH CIPROFLOXACIN AND ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITIES

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs alone and its combination with ciprofloxacin against various human pathogenic bacteria strains.Methods: Reproducible, energy efficient, eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata fresh leaves based on photoirradiation was carried out. These photosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis and particle size analysis.Results: From the results, AgNPs showed the desired physicochemical properties in terms of optical, structural, thermal and photocatalytic properties. Also, it is observed that Gram-negative bacteria strains are more vulnerable to both AgNPs as well as conjugating ciprofloxacin with AgNPs rather than Gram-positive bacteria strains.Conclusion: Enhanced antibacterial effect was observed in the conjugation of ciprofloxacin with AgNPs rather than antibiotic or AgNPs alone. AgNPs showed an excellent inhibitory effect in the formation of biofilm.Â

Performance Analysis of Transmit Antenna Selection with MRC in MIMO for Image Transmission in Multipath Fading Channels Using Simulink

Multiple antenna configurations can be used to increase the data throughput reducing the effects of multipath fading and interference when channel bandwidth is limited. Orthogonal Space Time Block Codes along with Transmit antenna selection can improve the performance of multiple input multiple output systems. In this paper, we present the Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) technique based on the Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) scheme with single antenna selection for image transmission. The performance analysis of the system was carried out under different fading channels i.e. Rayleigh and Rician channel for image input. We design end to end TAS/MRC system in Simulink with advancements in the channel designs and receive diversity techniques along with the feedback models. The Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis was performed for the combinations of number of transmit and receive antennas for TAS/MRC system for various fading environments

Rancang Bangun Tempat Sampah Dengan Sistem Memilah Jenis Sampah Basah, Kering dan Logam Menggunakan Atmega328P

Waste is of course a problem in life everyday, from different types of waste, varying volume of waste to the problem of rubbish being often scattered piled up in the trash so that it can cause certain diseases when waste is allowed to accumulate. The purpose of this study is that the types of waste that are disposed of do not combine in one more trash can and that waste is no longer stacked up when the trash can is full. This study will use the ATmega328P as a controller in the entire work process of the tool, temporary electromagnetic magnet for sorting metal waste while the touch sensor is used for sorting wet or dry waste. The temporary electromagnetic magnets used are capable of lifting metal waste loads up to a maximum of 1.9 kg, while the touch sensor used in this study can sort wet waste or dry waste because the touch sensor has an analog output. The analog output of wet waste is in the range 2.5 - 209 and the analog output for dry waste is in the range 210 - 224. The conveyor in this study functions as a place to drop trash and deliver waste to different bins. The success value of the entire system made in this study was 79%.Sampah tentunya menjadi masalah pada kehidupan setiap hari, dari jenis sampah yang berbeda, volume sampah yang sangat bervariasi hingga permasalahan sampah masih sering dibarkan menumpuk pada tempat sampah sehingga dapat menimbulkan penyakit tertentu ketika sampah dibiarkan menumpuk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah agar jenis sampah yang dibuang tidak menyatu dalam satu tempat sampah lagi dan sampah tidak lagi dibiarkan menumpuk ketika tempat sampah sudah penuh. Penelitian kali ini akan menggunakan ATmega328P sebagai pengatur dalam keseluruhan proses kerja alat, magnet elektromagnetik sementara untuk memilah sampah logam sedangkan sensor touch digunakan sebagai pemilah sampah basah atau kering. Magnet elektromagnetik sementara yang digunakan mampu mengangkat beban sampah logam seberat maksimal 1,9kg, sedangkan sensor touch yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dapat memilah sampah basah atau sampah kering karena sensor touch memiliki output analog. Output analog dari sampah basah berada pada range 2.5 – 209 dan untuk output analog sampah kering berada pada range 210 – 224. Conveyor pada penelitian kali ini berfungsi sebagai tempat menjatuhkan sampah dan menghantarkan sampah pada tempat sampah yang berbeda. Nilai keberhasilan dari keseluruhan sistem yang dibuat pada penelitian kali ini adalah sebesar 79%

Development of new genomic microsatellite markers from robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) showing broad cross-species transferability and utility in genetic studies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Species-specific microsatellite markers are desirable for genetic studies and to harness the potential of MAS-based breeding for genetic improvement. Limited availability of such markers for coffee, one of the most important beverage tree crops, warrants newer efforts to develop additional microsatellite markers that can be effectively deployed in genetic analysis and coffee improvement programs. The present study aimed to develop new coffee-specific SSR markers and validate their utility in analysis of genetic diversity, individualization, linkage mapping, and transferability for use in other related taxa.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A small-insert partial genomic library of <it>Coffea canephora</it>, was probed for various SSR motifs following conventional approach of Southern hybridisation. Characterization of repeat positive clones revealed a very high abundance of DNRs (1/15 Kb) over TNRs (1/406 kb). The relative frequencies of different DNRs were found as AT >> AG > AC, whereas among TNRs, AGC was the most abundant repeat. The SSR positive sequences were used to design 58 primer pairs of which 44 pairs could be validated as single locus markers using a panel of arabica and robusta genotypes. The analysis revealed an average of 3.3 and 3.78 alleles and 0.49 and 0.62 PIC per marker for the tested arabicas and robustas, respectively. It also revealed a high cumulative PI over all the markers using both sib-based (10^-6and 10^-12for arabicas and robustas respectively) and unbiased corrected estimates (10^-20and 10^-43for arabicas and robustas respectively). The markers were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage dis-equilibrium, and were successfully used to ascertain generic diversity/affinities in the tested germplasm (cultivated as well as species). Nine markers could be mapped on robusta linkage map. Importantly, the markers showed ~92% transferability across related species/genera of coffee.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The conventional approach of genomic library was successfully employed although with low efficiency to develop a set of 44 new genomic microsatellite markers of coffee. The characterization/validation of new markers demonstrated them to be highly informative, and useful for genetic studies namely, genetic diversity in coffee germplasm, individualization/bar-coding for germplasm protection, linkage mapping, taxonomic studies, and use as conserved orthologous sets across secondary genepool of coffee. Further, the relative frequency and distribution of different SSR motifs in coffee genome indicated coffee genome to be relatively poor in microsatellites compared to other plant species.</p

Were Free Southern Farmers "Driven to Indolence" by Slavery? A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach

Antebellum critics of slavery argued that it was responsible for the relative inefficiency of free southern farms. We examine this issue, employing a stochastic production function, which allows us to distinguish between technological superiority and technical inefficiency, and controlling for crop mix, which we treat as endogenous. We find that although large plantations enjoyed a technological advantage, slave farms were less efficient than free northern farms but more efficient than free southern farms. In addition, free southern farms were significantly less efficient than comparable northern farms.

Penerapan PID Predictive Air-Ratio Controller Pada Mesin Mobil Mitsubishi Tipe 4G63 Untuk Meminimumkan Emisi Gas Buang

Seiring dengan adanya perkembangan sistem otomasi dalam dunia otomotif saat ini. dituntut untuk menghasilkan mesin dengan kadar emisi gas buang yang berada diambang batas kewajaran dan hemat bahan bakar sehingga diperlukan suatu sistem terhadap berbagai macam variabel yang mempengaruhi performansi mesin. Untuk menjaga supaya pemakaian bahan bakar pada kondisi optimal dapat diperoleh dengan cara mengatur waktu injeksi bahan bakar. Sistem waktu injeksi bahan bakar ini dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan mesin dan tekanan pada intake manifold. Dengan adanya pengaturan terhadap waktu injeksi bahan bakar akan meningkatkan efektifitas pembakaran yang secara tidak langsung juga mengurangi kadar emisi pada gas buang pada saat kondisi kecepatan stasioner. Pada tugas akhir ini, akan dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh waktu pengapian dan waktu injeksi yang diterapkan pada sistem pengaturan injeksi bahan bakar yang diaplikasikan pada mesin Mitsubishi 4G63 untuk mengatur waktu injeksi bahan bakar dan waktu pengapian pada saat mesin dalam kecepatan stasioner. Penelitian ini diujikan pada mesin Mitsubshi 4G63 empat silinder sebagai plant dengan kondisi kecepatan stasioner. Penerapan PID Predictive Air-Ratio Controller memberikan waktu injeksi  yang tepat pada saat kecepatan stasioner sehingga dapat menmaksimalkan perbandingan rasio udara sebesar 14,7 :1 standar performansi mesin