Γ-convergence Approximation of Fracture and Cavitation in Nonlinear Elasticity

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00205-014-0820-3Our starting point is a variational model in nonlinear elasticity that allows for cavitation and fracture that was introduced by Henao and Mora-Corral (Arch Rational Mech Anal 197:619–655, 2010). The total energy to minimize is the sum of the elastic energy plus the energy produced by crack and surface formation. It is a free discontinuity problem, since the crack set and the set of new surface are unknowns of the problem. The expression of the functional involves a volume integral and two surface integrals, and this fact makes the problem numerically intractable. In this paper we propose an approximation (in the sense of Γ-convergence) by functionals involving only volume integrals, which makes a numerical approximation by finite elements feasible. This approximation has some similarities to the Modica–Mortola approximation of the perimeter and the Ambrosio–Tortorelli approximation of the Mumford–Shah functional, but with the added difficulties typical of nonlinear elasticity, in which the deformation is assumed to be one-to-one and orientation-preservingD. Henao gratefully acknowledges the Chilean Ministry of Education’s support through the FONDE-CYT Iniciación project no. 11110011. C. Mora-Corral has been supported by Project MTM2011-28198 of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, the ERC Starting grant no. 307179, the “Ramón y Cajal” programme and the European Social Fund. X. Xu acknowledges the funding by NSFC 1100126

Programando Microcontroladores Pic En Lenguaje C

En este artículo se presenta el manejo del compilador PCW para microcontroladores PIC, el cual permite programar fácilmente los microcontroladores en lenguaje C, con lo cual se realiza más rápidamente el desarrollo de programas que serían bastante complejos de abordar en lenguaje ensamblador

Programando Microcontroladores Pic En Lenguaje C

En este artículo se presenta el manejo del compilador PCW para microcontroladores PIC, el cual permite programar fácilmente los microcontroladores en lenguaje C, con lo cual se realiza más rápidamente el desarrollo de programas que serían bastante complejos de abordar en lenguaje ensamblador

Reconstructing past fossil-fuel CO2 concentrations using tree rings and radiocarbon in the urban area of Medellín, Colombia

To meet international and national commitments to decrease emissions of fossil fuels, cities around the world must obtain information on their historical levels of emissions, identifying hotspots that require special attention. Direct atmospheric measurements of pollution sources are almost impossible to obtain retrospectively. However, tree rings serve as an archive of environmental information for reconstructing the temporal and spatial distribution of fossil-fuel emissions in urban areas. Here, we present a novel methodology to reconstruct the spatial and temporal contribution of fossil-fuel CO2 concentration ([CO2F]) in the urban area of Medellin, Colombia. We used a combination of dendrochronological analyses, radiocarbon measurements, and statistical modeling. We obtained annual maps of [CO2F] from 1977 to 2018 that describe changes in its spatial distribution over time. Our method was successful at identifying hotspots of emissions around industrial areas, and areas with high traffic density. It also identified temporal trends that may be related to socioeconomic and technological factors. We observed an important increase in [CO2F] during the last decade, which suggests that efforts of city officials to reduce traffic and emissions did not have a significant impact on the contribution of fossil fuels to local air. The method presented here could be of significant value for city planners and environmental officials from other urban areas around the world. It allows identifying hotspots of fossil fuels emissions, evaluating the impact of previous environmental policies, and planning new interventions to reduce emissions.Reconstructing past fossil-fuel CO2 concentrations using tree rings and radiocarbon in the urban area of Medellín, ColombiapublishedVersio

Clustering Techniques Performance for the Coordination of Adaptive Overcurrent Protections

Inclusion of distributed generation and topological changes in a network originate several operating scenarios. For this reason, techniques that adjust the configuration of overcurrent relays have been developed in order to provide protection coordination strategies capable of operating in different schemes. However, the adjustments allowed by these devices are limited. Thus, scenario grouping techniques are proposed to reduce the number of required configurations. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of different grouping techniques with input parameters for coordination strategies of electrical overcurrent protections, where it is required to associate the different modes of operation of a distribution network. For the clustering process, unsupervised learning techniques such as K-means, K-medoids and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering were employed. Additionally, for the input characteristics, fault currents, nominal currents and other parameters obtained from the electrical system were taken into account. From the results obtained when evaluating different combinations of techniques and inputs, it is important to mention that the characteristics that describe the different modes of operation necessary for the grouping are decisive for the coordination strategies of electrical protections and that it is not possible to establish a significant difference between the clustering techniques evaluated. Lastly, the combination that presents the best performance was K-means: Manhattan and maximum short-circuit phase currents per relay with a sum of operation time of 428.72s and zero restriction violation. © 2022 IEEE

Adaptive Fault Detection Based on Neural Networks and Multiple Sampling Points for Distribution Networks and Microgrids

Smart networks such as active distribution network (ADN) and microgrid (MG) play an important role in power system operation. The design and implementation of appropriate protection systems for MG and ADN must be addressed, which imposes new technical challenges. This paper presents the implementation and validation aspects of an adaptive fault detection strategy based on neural networks (NNs) and multiple sampling points for ADN and MG. The solution is implemented on an edge device. NNs are used to derive a data-driven model that uses only local measurements to detect fault states of the network without the need for communication infrastructure. Multiple sampling points are used to derive a data-driven model, which allows the generalization considering the implementation in physical systems. The adaptive fault detector model is implemented on a Jetson Nano system, which is a single-board computer (SBC) with a small graphic processing unit (GPU) intended to run machine learning loads at the edge. The proposed method is tested in a physical, real-life, low-voltage network located at Universidad del Norte, Colombia. This testing network is based on the IEEE 13-node test feeder scaled down to 220 V. The validation in a simulation environment shows the accuracy and dependability above 99.6%, while the real-time tests show the accuracy and dependability of 95.5% and 100%, respectively. Without hard-to-derive parameters, the easy-to-implement embedded model highlights the potential for real-life applications. © 2013 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute

Alelos de tiopurina metiltransferasa en población colombiana

La tiopurina metiltransferasa (TPMT) cataliza lainactivación de los fármacos tiopurinas (mercaptopurina,tioguanina y azatioprina) usados en el tratamiento de laleucemia linfoblástica aguda, enfermedades autoinmunes yen pacientes con órganos transplantados; no se conocensustratos endógenos de esta enzima. El polimorfismo delgen TPMT es el principal determinante de las diferenciasindividuales en cuanto a toxicidad y eficacia terapéutica deestos medicamentos. Las bases moleculares de dichopolimorfismo han sido establecidas para caucásicos, africanos,afro-americanos y asiáticos, pero no han sido estudiadasen amerindios ni mestizos latinoamericanos. En esteestudio se identificaron y determinaron en 140 voluntarioscolombianos de origen mestizo (edad promedio 27 años,51.4% hombres) las frecuencias de las cuatro variantesalélicas más comunes del gen: TPMT*2 (G238C), TPMT*3A(G460A and A719G), TPMT*3B (G460A) and TPMT*3C(A719G). Se hallaron 10 individuos heterocigotos para el alelo*3A y uno para el alelo *2; no se encontraron homocigotosmutados, ni los alelos *3B y *3C. De acuerdo con estos resultados,el 92.1% y el 7.9% de la población estudiada correspondena los fenotipos metiladores altos e intermedios,respectivamente. Esta distribución se asemeja más a la reportadaentre caucásicos, donde prevalece el alelo *3A y seencuentra el *2, que entre africanos y asiáticos, donde prevaleceel alelo *3C

Alelos de tiopurina metiltransferasa en población colombiana

La tiopurina metiltransferasa (TPMT) cataliza lainactivación de los fármacos tiopurinas (mercaptopurina,tioguanina y azatioprina) usados en el tratamiento de laleucemia linfoblástica aguda, enfermedades autoinmunes yen pacientes con órganos transplantados; no se conocensustratos endógenos de esta enzima. El polimorfismo delgen TPMT es el principal determinante de las diferenciasindividuales en cuanto a toxicidad y eficacia terapéutica deestos medicamentos. Las bases moleculares de dichopolimorfismo han sido establecidas para caucásicos, africanos,afro-americanos y asiáticos, pero no han sido estudiadasen amerindios ni mestizos latinoamericanos. En esteestudio se identificaron y determinaron en 140 voluntarioscolombianos de origen mestizo (edad promedio 27 años,51.4% hombres) las frecuencias de las cuatro variantesalélicas más comunes del gen: TPMT*2 (G238C), TPMT*3A(G460A and A719G), TPMT*3B (G460A) and TPMT*3C(A719G). Se hallaron 10 individuos heterocigotos para el alelo*3A y uno para el alelo *2; no se encontraron homocigotosmutados, ni los alelos *3B y *3C. De acuerdo con estos resultados,el 92.1% y el 7.9% de la población estudiada correspondena los fenotipos metiladores altos e intermedios,respectivamente. Esta distribución se asemeja más a la reportadaentre caucásicos, donde prevalece el alelo *3A y seencuentra el *2, que entre africanos y asiáticos, donde prevaleceel alelo *3C

Medical geography in the study of hepatitis A, in the Coffee-triangle region, Colombia, 2007-2011

Objectives: There are few studies of geographical characterization of viral hepatitis. For this reason, we after estimating the incidence rates for Hepatitis A (HAV), we developed epidemiological GIS-based maps for this viral disease, within a well-defined geographic region (the coffee triangle) in Colombia. Study design: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of surveillance data and GIS-based developing of epidemiological maps. Methods: Surveillance cases data (2007-2011) were used to estimate annual incidence rates using reference population data, on hepatitis, to develop the first maps of HAV in the 53 municipalities of the coffee-triangle region of Colombia (departments Caldas, Quindio, Risaralda). GIS used was Kosmo® 3.1. To summarize and compare the data among municipalities and departments (as units of analysis) we generate indicators such as accumulated incidence rates (AIR) and incidence rates ratios. Results: 1518 HAV cases were reported, 47% from Quindío, 30% Caldas and 22% Risaralda. Quindio presented with the highest AIR (131.54) among all the administrative units under study (Caldas, AIR: 46.39; Risaralda, AIR: 37.62). Interestingly, the highest rates in Quindio, during the period, could be related to the increased number of cases reported in two municipalities from 2008 (Quimbaya, AIR ratio: 4.0 and Montenegro: 3.61). The causes that underlie this augmentation will be subject to further research. Conclusions: Incidence rates for HAV is still high in the region. Showing epidemiological data, particularly in maps would allow planning actions oriented to interventions at the different forms of transmission that this disease has, which is highly important for decisions in public health policies