Oliko Friedrich Nietzsche irrationalismin kummi? : György Lukácsin tulkinta Friedrich Nietzschen filosofiasta

Tämän tutkielman tarkoitus on selventää Friedrich Nietzscheen kohdistuvia natsisyytöksiä. Tarkastelu kohdistuu György Lukácsin teoksen The Destruction of Reasonin -lukuun Nietzsche as Founder of Irrationalism in the Imperialist Period, jossa Lukácsin Nietzscheen kohdistuvat natsisyytökset ovat esillä. Tutkielmaa ohjaa kysymys: millaiset ovat György Lukácsin Nietzscheen kohdistuvat syytteet ja millaisten Nietzsche-tulkintojen pohjalta Lukács näkemyksiinsä päätyy? Tutkielmaa on motivoinut tarkoitus korjata Nietzscheen kohdistuvia väärinymmärryksiä ja harhaluuloja. Aloitan tutkielman esittelemällä Friedrich Nietzschen ja hänen filosofiansa pääkohtia. Saman esittelyn teen myös György Lukácsin kohdalla. Neljäs ja viides luku käsittelee Lukácsin Nietzsche-tulkintaa. Tulkinta seuraa Lukácsin Nietzsche as Founder of Irrationalism in the Imperialist Period -luvussa olevaa Nietzschen filosofian teemojen järjestystä. Ensiksi Lukács käsittelee 1900-luvun henkeä, josta hän jatkaa Nietzschen patriotismin ja politiikan analyysiin. Näitä teemoja seuraa etiikka sekä biologiaan ja Darwinin ajatuksiin liittyvät aiheet. Seuraavaksi Lukács käsittelee tahtoa valtaan ja ikuisen paluun teemoja ja lopettaa Nietzsche-tulkintansa epistemologiaan. Nietzschen omat ja tulkitsijoiden teokset ovat olleet apuna Nietzschen filosofiaa verratessa Lukácsin Nietzsche-tulkintaan. Tutkielman tarkoitus on kuitenkin keskittyä itse Lukácsin Nietzsche as Founder of Irrationalism in the Imperialist Period -luvun tarkasteluun, jotta Lukácsin argumenttien ja tulkinnan askeleet tulisivat esille. Nietzsche-tulkitsijoiden tulkinnat ovat tuomassa esille Lukácsin tulkinnan eriävyys yleisistä Nietzsche-tulkintojen johtopäätöksistä. Tutkielma osoittaa miten vääristynyt Lukácsin tulkinta Nietzschen filosofiasta on ja miten Lukácsin syytteet Nietzschestä irrationalismin ja näin myös natsismin ideaalisena kummisetänä ovat liioiteltuja ja virheellisiä. Lukácsin Nietzsche-tulkinnan ongelmat tulevat esiin Lukácsin vääristyneissä premisseissä ja filosofisessa kokonaisuudessa, jota vasten Lukács Nietzscheä tulkitsee. Lukács ei myöskään tulkitse oikein Nietzschen käsitteitä, kuten herra ja orja tai yli-ihminen, jotka Lukács tulkitsee poliittisesti sosiaalisiksi luokiksi. Lukácsin tulkinnassa Nietzsche esittäytyy porvariston filosofina, jonka tarkoitus oli tuhota sosialismi ja luoda porvaristolle moraalinen filosofia, missä kaikki moraalitonkin toiminta oli oikeutettua

Mallory 2.0

Abstract Privacy and security features are definitely not the driving forces in the creation and mainstream adoption of online communities. Most people taking part in online social networking (OSN) appear to be unaware of the serious security and privacy implications of sharing their personal information and experiences online, and thus there is no real demand for such innovation. This ignorance and lack of proper security and privacy models opens the door to would-be attackers. Indeed, with their facilities for exchanging messages and sharing content with the other members of the community, they provide a platform for many forms of online crime. This paper gives an overview of the privacy and security risks involved in the social web and discusses some possible solutions

Experiences on Using TRAKLA2 to Teach Spatial Data Algorithms

AbstractThis paper reports on the results of a two year project in which visual algorithm simulation exercises were developed for a spatial data algorithms course. The success of the project is studied from several point of views, i.e., from developer's, teachers's, and student's perspective. The amount of work, learning outcomes, and feasibility of the system has been estimated based on the data gathered during the project. The results are encouraging, which motivates to extend the concept also for other courses in the future

Decreasing trend in the incidence of serious pneumonias in Finnish children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

OBJECTIVES: Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) may be predisposed to serious pneumonia due to modern disease-modifying anti-rheumatic treatment. In this nationwide retrospective study with clinical data, we describe the pneumonia episodes among children with JIA. METHODS: Patients under 18 years of age with JIA and pneumonia during 1998-2014 were identified in the National Hospital Discharge Register in Finland. Each individual patient record was reviewed, and detailed data on patients with JIA and pneumonia were retrieved, recorded, and analyzed. If the patient was hospitalized or received intravenous antibiotics, the pneumonia was considered serious. RESULTS: There were 157 episodes of pneumonia among 140 children with JIA; 111 episodes (71%) were serious (80% in 1998-2006 and 66% in 2007-2014). The mean age of the patients was 9 years. Forty-eight percent had active JIA and 46% had comorbidities. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) were used at the time of 135 episodes (86%): methotrexate (MTX) by 62% and biologic DMARDs (bDMARD) by 30%. There was no significant difference in the use of bDMARDs, MTX and glucocorticoids between the patient groups with serious and non-serious pneumonia episodes. During six of the episodes, intensive care was needed. Two patients (1.3%) died, the remaining ones recovered fully. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of pneumonia and the use of immunosuppressive treatment among children with JIA increased from 1998 to 2014, the proportion of serious pneumonias in these patients decreased. There was no significant difference in the use of anti-rheumatic medication between patients with serious and non-serious pneumonia.Key Points• The incidence of serious pneumonias decreased from 1998 to 2014 among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).• There was no significant difference in the use of the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic medication between JIA patients with serious and non-serious pneumonias.• Active JIA, comorbidities, and combination medication were associated with nearly half of the pneumonias.Peer reviewe

Intratumoral lactate metabolism in Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma

Background: Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are cell membrane proteins which transport pyruvate, lactate and ketone bodies across the plasma membrane. MCTs are activated in various cancers, but their expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma is not known. The present study was conducted to elucidate the expression of MCTs in esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesions. Results: Cytoplasmic MCT1, MCT4 and MTCO1 expression linearly increased from normal epithelium to Barrett's mucosa to dysplasia and cancer. Low cytoplasmic MCT1 expression associated with high T-class (P < 0.01), positive lymph node metastases (P < 0.05), positive distant metastases (P < 0.01) and high tumor stage (P < 0.01). High cytoplasmic MCT4 expression correlated significantly with positive distant metastases (P < 0.05). Both low MCT1 and high MCT4 histoscore predicted survival in univariate analysis (P < 0.01). MCT4 histoscore predicted survival in multivariate analysis (P = 0.043; HR 1.8 95%CI 1.0–3.1). MTCO1 expression was not correlated to clinicopathological variables or survival. Materials and Methods: MCT1, MCT4 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (MTCO1) expression were determined with immunohistochemistry in esophageal specimens from 129 patients with columnar dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Specimens including normal esophagus (n = 88), gastric (n = 67) or intestinal metaplasia (n = 51), low-grade (n = 42), high-grade dysplasia (n = 37) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 99) were evaluated. Conclusions: Major increase in markers of tumor metabolism occurs during carcinogenesis and progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma. MCT1 and MCT4 are prognostic factors in esophageal adenocarcinoma.Orion Research FoundationThelma Mäkikyrö FoundationPäivikki and Sakari Sohlberg FoundationThe Emil Aaltonen FoundationGeorg C. and Mary Ehrnroot FoundationSigrid Jusélius FoundationFinnish cancer FoundationThe Finnish Medical FoundationPublishe

Decrease in self-esteem mediates the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression in middle adolescence in a sex-specific manner: a 2-year follow-up of a prospective population cohort study

Peer reviewe

Psychometric properties of the finnish version of the resilience scale and its short version

Aim: To investigate the psychometric properties of the Finnish version of the Resilience Scale (RS) and its short version (RS-14), as well as the relationship of resilience with demographic variables and self-perceived health. Method: A standard procedure was used for translation of the scale, and 243 participants (75% women, mean age = 41.0; SD = 17.8) were evaluated with the RS, the RS-14, and the EuroQol 5D. Results: The mean level of resilience was found to be moderate. Both the RS and the RS-14 showed good internal consistency reliability, .90 and .87, respectively. No clear factor structure was found. Both assessments correlated with age but there was no statistically significant association with education or gender. However, a relatively weak but statistically significant correlation between the RS and the RS-14 with self-reported health was found in women. Conclusion: The Finnish versions of the RS and RS-14 can be recommended to be used in clinical and scientific settings. Gender is suggested to be taken into account in further research of resilience

Repeatability and variation of region-of-interest methods using quantitative diffusion tensor MR imaging of the brain

Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is increasingly used in various diseases as a clinical tool for assessing the integrity of the brain’s white matter. Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) and an increased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are nonspecific findings in most pathological processes affecting the brain’s parenchyma. At present, there is no gold standard for validating diffusion measures, which are dependent on the scanning protocols, methods of the softwares and observers. Therefore, the normal variation and repeatability effects on commonly-derived measures should be carefully examined. Methods Thirty healthy volunteers (mean age 37.8 years, SD 11.4) underwent DTI of the brain with 3T MRI. Region-of-interest (ROI) -based measurements were calculated at eleven anatomical locations in the pyramidal tracts, corpus callosum and frontobasal area. Two ROI-based methods, the circular method (CM) and the freehand method (FM), were compared. Both methods were also compared by performing measurements on a DTI phantom. The intra- and inter-observer variability (coefficient of variation, or CV%) and repeatability (intra-class correlation coefficient, or ICC) were assessed for FA and ADC values obtained using both ROI methods. Results The mean FA values for all of the regions were 0.663 with the CM and 0.621 with the FM. For both methods, the FA was highest in the splenium of the corpus callosum. The mean ADC value was 0.727 ×10-3 mm2/s with the CM and 0.747 ×10-3 mm2/s with the FM, and both methods found the ADC to be lowest in the corona radiata. The CV percentages of the derived measures were < 13% with the CM and < 10% with the FM. In most of the regions, the ICCs were excellent or moderate for both methods. With the CM, the highest ICC for FA was in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (0.90), and with the FM, it was in the corona radiata (0.86). For ADC, the highest ICC was found in the genu of the corpus callosum (0.93) with the CM and in the uncinate fasciculus (0.92) with FM. Conclusions With both ROI-based methods variability was low and repeatability was moderate. The circular method gave higher repeatability, but variation was slightly lower using the freehand method. The circular method can be recommended for the posterior limb of the internal capsule and splenium of the corpus callosum, and the freehand method for the corona radiata.BioMed Central open acces