Akupunktio migreenin ennaltaehkäisyssä : Kirjallisuuskatsaus

Migreeni on yleinen työikäisten sairaus, jota esiintyy naisilla yleisemmin kuin miehillä. Migreeniä on tutkittu paljon, mutta sen syntymekanismi ei ole vieläkään täysin selvinnyt. Migreenin ennaltaehkäisyssä on tärkeää välttää kohtauksia aiheuttavia tekijöitä, mutta aina tämäkään ei auta, vaan joudutaan turvautumaan lääkitykseen. Ennaltaehkäisevässä lääkityksessä on paljon sivuvaikutuksia, jonka vuoksi moni jättää lääkkeet ottamatta. Käypä hoito suosituksissa on mainittu akupunktio yhtenä migreenin ennaltaehkäisevänä hoitona. Akupunktiota käytetään paljon kivunhoidossa ja sen toimivuudesta on löytynyt näyttöä. Akupunktiohoitoa on tutkittu paljon ja sen on todettu olevan turvallinen hoitomuoto. Akupunktio sopii kaikille, eikä sillä ole todettu olevan haittavaikutuksia. Akupunktion vaikuttavuudesta on viime vuosina saatu lisänäyttöä. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kuvailevana, integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Valitut tutkimukset ovat vuosilta 2012-2017. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli koota tietoa akupunktion tehokkuudesta migreenin ennaltaehkäisyssä. Tavoitteena on lisätä tietoa akupunktiosta hoitotyön menetelmänä migreenin ennaltaehkäisyssä terveydenhuoltoalan ammattilaisille. Akupunktiolla oli vaikutusta migreenikohtausten esiintyvyyteen ja kivun voimakkuuteen. Migreenikohtausten esiintyvyys laski kaikissa tutkimuksissa akupunktiohoitojen aikana ja kipujen koettu voimakkuus väheni. Plaseboakupunktiohoidolla vaikutukset eivät olleet yhtä tehokkaita. Akupunktiota voidaan käyttää joko ennaltaehkäisevän lääkityksen rinnalla, tai vaihtoehtona heille, joille lääkitys ei sovellu. Akupunktiota voidaan nostaa esiin yhtenä hoitotyön menetelmänä migreenin ennaltaehkäisyssä.Migraine is a common condition in the working-age population, and it is more prevalent in women than in men. Migraine has been studied extensively, but knowledge regarding its etiology remains incomplete. Avoiding factors that trigger the attacks is important in migraine prevention, but it is not always sufficient, which leads to the need of antimigraine medications. Preventive medications can cause various side effects and, therefore, many patients stop taking them. In a national Käypä hoito (Suitable treatment) - recommendations acupuncture is mentioned as an alternative for migraine prophylaxis. Acupuncture is often used in pain management, and there is evidence of its effectiveness. Acupuncture treatment has been studied widely, and it is acknowledged as a safe treatment. It is suitable for everyone, and complications have not been observed. In resent years, there has been growing evidence of its effectiveness. A descriptive, integrative literature review was conducted for the thesis. the selected studies were from 2012 to 2017. The purpose of this thesis was to collect information about the effectiveness of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. The aim was to provide further information for healthcare professionals. Acupuncture has an impact on the incidence of migraine attacks and magnitude of pain. The incidence of migraine attacks during acupuncture treatment and the perceived magnitude go pain decreased in all studies. With placebo acupuncture, the effects were less significant. Acupuncture can be used in conjunction with preventive medications or as an alternative nursing intervention in the prevention of migraine

The Informational Value of Corporate Responsibility Reporting: The Global Reporting Initiative in Finland

The directive 2014/95/EU as regards to non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups will bring the previously voluntary practice of corporate responsibility reporting under regulation in the European Union in 2017. The Global reporting initiative’s framework for corporate responsibility disclosures is the most recognized guideline for corporate responsibility reporting. With the endorsement from the new 2014/95/EU directive the GRI framework will most likely continue to grow as the most applied responsible reporting guideline. In light of the new directive it is seen appropriate to investigate the informational value the GRI reporting guideline currently has for investors making investment decisions in the stock market. This thesis examines the effect releasing a first GRI report has on firm long-term information asymmetry measured by a liquidity variable, the turnover rate. The study is conducted on Finnish data and consists of 117 publicly listed companies from the Nasdaq OMX Helsinki Stock Exchange between 2001 and 2014. Furthermore, it is studied to what extent the GRI framework is recognized by companies listed in the exchange during the same timeframe. The empirical methodology applies a fixed effects panel regression model where a binary GRI variable in addition to the control variables for firm size, stock price, leverage and profitability are regressed on share turnover rate. The empirical regression could not find any statistically significant evidence that initiating a GRI report in Finland between 2001 and 2014 affected firm turnover rate. In light of the results it cannot be supported that the GRI guideline inevitably lowers firm information asymmetry and that reports based on the guideline would inherently offer investors valuable information in the Nasdaq OMX Helsinki Stock Exchange. The possible reasons for this can stem from the fact that the disclosed GRI reports are not third-party verified for the accuracy of their contents leaving the framework vulnerable to corporate misuse.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

Password Generation and Search Space Reduction

Originally published in Journal of Computers: http://www.academypublisher.com/jcp/index.htmlIt is easy for humans to design passwords that are easily remembered. However, such passwords may have a predictable structure, making exhaustive search feasible. We have divided human-generated passwords into three categories: Non-word passwords, Mixture passwords, and Word passwords; depending on their overall structure. Within these categories, we have analyzed the search-space reduction of several common password sub-structures. From this analysis, we have derived guidelines that yield strong passwords within in each password category. Our results contribute towards the goal of achieving both strong and memorable passwords

An On-Campus Approach to Online Mathematics Teaching: A Case Study on a Pre-Calculus Course

publishedVersio

Democratic Disagreements. A Book Review of \u3cem\u3eLived Democracy in Education. Young Citizens’ Democratic Lives in Kindergarten, School and Higher Education\u3c/em\u3e

As the title Lived Democracy in Education suggests, the predominantly Norwegian writers of the book share a deep and robust vision of democracy. Drawing on deliberative democratic theory and many other theoretical perspectives, the authors blend theory, practice, and empirical case studies to illuminate these modes of “lived democracy” in educational contexts. In particular, the book’s chapters examine different communicative interactions between children and young people, presenting these as examples of learning to live with controversies in communities of disagreement. The book contains valuable perspectives on democratic discussion in education. As several authors are experts in mathematics and science education, and some chapters integrate democratic education into STEM, the book might particularly benefit readers interested in democratic education within STEM subjects

Elektronisk personellkontroll-system for Marinen

In paper

Siirtoliipaisuarkkitehtuurin muuttuvanmittaisten käskyjen pakkaus

The Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) modules used for embedded microprocessor devices consume a large portion of the whole system’s power. The memory module consumes static power on keeping awake and dynamic power on memory accesses. The power dissipation of the instruction memory can be limited by using code compression methods, which reduce the memory size. The compression may require the use of variable length instruction formats in the processor. The power-efficient design of variable length instruction fetch and decode units is challenging for static multiple-issue processors, because such architectures have simple hardware to begin with, as they aim for very low power consumption on embedded platforms. The power saved by using these compression approaches, which necessitate more complex logic, is easily lost on inefficient processor design. This thesis proposes an implementation for instruction template-based compression, its decompression and two instruction fetch design alternatives for variable length instruction encoding on Transport Triggered Architecture (TTA), a static multiple-issue exposed data path architecture. Both of the new fetch and decode units are integrated into the TTA-based Co-design Environment (TCE), which is a toolset for rapid designing and prototyping of processors based on TTA. The hardware description of the fetch units is verified on a register transfer level and benchmarked using the CHStone test suite. Furthermore, the fetch units are synthesized on a 40 nm standard cell Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) technology library for area, performance and power consumption measurements. The power cost of the variable length instruction support is compared to the power savings from memory reduction, which is evaluated using HP Labs’ CACTI tool. The compression approach reaches an average program size reduction of 44% at best with a set of test programs, and the total power consumption of the system is reduced. The thesis shows that the proposed variable length fetch designs are sufficiently low-power oriented for TTA processors to benefit from the code compression

Putting attention in the spotlight: the influence of APOE genotype on visual search in mid adulthood

The Apolipoprotein E e4 allele is associated with greater cognitive decline with age, yet effects of this gene are also observed earlier in the lifespan. This research explores genotype differences (e2, e3, e4) in the allocation of visuospatial attention in mid-adulthood. Sixty-six volunteers, aged 45–55 years, completed two paradigms probing the active selection of information at the focus of attention (a dynamic scaling task) and perceptual capacity differences. Two methods of statistical comparison (parametric statistics, Bayesian inference) found no significant difference between e4 carriers and the homozygous e3 group on either the dynamic scaling or perceptual load task. E2 carriers, however, demonstrated less efficient visual search performance on the dynamic scaling task. The lack of an e4 difference in visuospatial attention, despite previous suggestion in the literature of genotype effects, indicates that select attentional processes are intact in e4 carriers in mid-adulthood. The association of e2 genotype with slower visual search performance complicates the premised protective effects of this allele in cognitive ageing

Demokratiakasvatus rakentavan keskustelun tuolla puolen? : Opetussuunnitelmat ja yhteiskuntaopin oppikirjat deliberatiivisen demokratiateorian kritiikin valossa

This article looks at education for democracy by analyzing the Finnish primary and secondary school core curricula and social studies textbooks from the perspective of discussions on democratic theory. We presume that the deliberative ideals of discussion and reflection are valuable in democratic education. However, some of their features have been strongly challenged in the theoretical discussion. In particular, the overemphasis of consensus-aiming argumentation and the disregard for contradictions and feelings have been criticized. We apply these critical points of view to education by analyzing curricula and study materials, asking whether criticism also pertains to their depictions of democracy. Our analysis shows a prevailing conception of the importance of constructive discussion in democratic education. However, the forms of political communication are not reduced to rational argumentation alone. Value conflicts ​​and social tensions are presented as basic political phenomena, although their significance is discussed only superficially. On the other hand, political emotions are not mentioned at all in the curricula, and textbooks rarely refer to the emotional aspects of social issues. Finally, we consider the prospects of democratic education based on our observations.Tarkastelemme artikkelissa demokratiakasvatusta analysoimalla peruskoulun ja lukion opetussuunnitelmien perusteita sekä yhteiskuntaopin oppimateriaaleja demokratiateoreettisen keskustelun näkökulmasta. Oletuksenamme on deliberatiivisten eli keskustelua ja harkintaa korostavien demokratian ihanteiden tarpeellisuus opetuksessa. Joitakin niiden piirteistä on kuitenkin teoriakeskustelussa voimakkaasti haastettu. Etenkin on arvosteltu konsensushakuisen argumentaation ylikorostumista sekä ristiriitojen ja tunteiden sivuuttamista. Sovellamme kritiikkiä suomalaiseen demokratiakasvatukseen analysoiden opetussuunnitelmia ja oppimateriaaleja, ja kysymme, osuuko kritiikki myös niiden demokratiakäsityksiin. Analyysimme osoittaa, että aineistossa vallitsee näkemys rakentavan keskustelun tärkeydestä demokratiakasvatuksessa. Poliittisen kommunikaation muotoja ei kuitenkaan supisteta vain rationaaliseen argumentaatioon. Arvoristiriidat ja yhteiskunnalliset jännitteet esitetään keskeisiksi poliittisiksi ilmiöiksi, joskin niiden merkitystä käsitellään pinnallisesti. Poliittisia tunteita ei sen sijaan mainita opetussuunnitelmissa lainkaan, ja oppikirjoissa tunteiden ja yhteiskunnallisten teemojen yhteyteen viitataan vain satunnaisesti. Lopuksi pohdimme demokratiakasvatuksen näkymiä havaintojen pohjalta