Caractérisation des ligands de C1q impliqués dans la reconnaissance des cellules apoptotiques

Apoptotic cell clearance is critical for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and to control the immune responses mediated by phagocytes. Little is known about the molecules that contribute “ eat-me “signals on the apoptotic cell surface. C1q, the recognition subunit of the C1 complex of complement, also senses altered structure from self and is a major actor of immune tolerance. The purpose of this work was to identify signals newly exposed during apoptosis, responsible for C1q binding. First, using surface plasmon resonance, C1q binding was shown to occur at early stages of apoptosis and to involve recognition of cell membrane component. Second, the use of different approaches (cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology), allowed to identify phosphatidylserin and DNA deoxyribose as C1q targets on apoptotic cells surface. Finally, respective involvement during apoptosis of proteins known to interact with C1q (CRT and p33) was specified. Given the versatile recognition properties of C1q, this molecule would have the unique ability to sense different markers which collectively would provide strong signals, thereby allowing efficient apoptotic cells removal.L'élimination des cellules apoptotiques est un évènement critique pour le maintien de l'homéostasie tissulaire et pour le contrôle des réponses immunes orchestrées par les phagocytes. A l'heure actuelle, les acteurs et en particulier les signaux « eat-me » impliqués ne sont pas encore entièrement caractérisés. C1q, élément de reconnaissance du complément, participe à la reconnaissance des structures altérées du soi et est un acteur majeur de la tolérance immune. Le travail a porté sur l'identification des signaux exposés au cours de l'apoptose et responsables de la fixation de C1q. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation de la résonance plasmonique de surface a permis de montrer que C1q se fixe de façon précoce après induction de l'apoptose et que cette reconnaissance implique un composant membranaire. Dans un deuxième temps, différentes approches (biologie cellulaire, biochimie et biologie structurale) ont permis d'identifier la phosphatidylsérine et le désoxyribose de l'ADN comme cibles de C1q à la surface des cellules apoptotiques. Enfin, le rôle respectif au cours de l'apoptose de partenaires connus de C1q (calréticuline et p33) a été précisé. Etant donné la versatilité des propriétés de reconnaissance de C1q, cette molécule aurait donc la capacité originale de détecter et de collecter différents signaux, qui pris ensemble fourniraient un signal fort permettant l'élimination efficace des cellules apoptotiques

X-Ray Structure of the Human Calreticulin Globular Domain Reveals a Peptide-Binding Area and Suggests a Multi-Molecular Mechanism

In the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin acts as a chaperone and a Ca2+-signalling protein. At the cell surface, it mediates numerous important biological effects. The crystal structure of the human calreticulin globular domain was solved at 1.55 Å resolution. Interactions of the flexible N-terminal extension with the edge of the lectin site are consistently observed, revealing a hitherto unidentified peptide-binding site. A calreticulin molecular zipper, observed in all crystal lattices, could further extend this site by creating a binding cavity lined by hydrophobic residues. These data thus provide a first structural insight into the lectin-independent binding properties of calreticulin and suggest new working hypotheses, including that of a multi-molecular mechanism

Preferential Expression of Integrin αvβ8 Promotes Generation of Regulatory T Cells by Mouse CD103⁺Dendritic Cells

BACKGROUND and AIMS: Immune responses in the intestine are controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs), which prevent inflammation in response to commensal bacteria. A specific population of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs), marked by expression of CD103, generate Tregs more efficiently than other DC populations through mechanisms that involve retinoic acid and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. However, it is not clear how CD103(+) DCs are specialized for this function. We investigated the ability of CD103(+) DCs to promote Treg generation through activation of TGF-β and the role of integrins with the αv subunit in this process. METHODS: Naïve T cells were cultured with purified DCs from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) or intestines of wild-type and αv conditional knockout mice to assess generation of Tregs. Antigens were administered orally to mice, and antigen-specific generation of Tregs was measured in intestinal tissues. Expression of the integrin αv subunit was measured in purified subpopulations of DCs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. RESULTS: In vitro, CD103(+) DCs generated more Tregs in the presence of latent TGF-β than other MLN DCs. Efficient generation of Tregs required expression of the integrin αv subunit by DCs; mice that lacked αv in immune cells did not convert naïve T cells to intestinal Tregs in response to oral antigen. CD103(+) DCs derived from the MLNs selectively expressed high levels of integrin αvβ8 compared with other populations of DCs. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of αvβ8 is required for CD103(+) DCs to become specialized and activate latent TGF-β and generate Tregs during the induction of tolerance to intestinal antigens in mice

Caractérisation des ligands de C1q impliqués dans la reconnaissance des cellules apoptotiques

Apoptotic cell clearance is critical for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and to control the immune responses mediated by phagocytes. Little is known about the molecules that contribute “ eat-me “signals on the apoptotic cell surface. C1q, the recognition subunit of the C1 complex of complement, also senses altered structure from self and is a major actor of immune tolerance. The purpose of this work was to identify signals newly exposed during apoptosis, responsible for C1q binding. First, using surface plasmon resonance, C1q binding was shown to occur at early stages of apoptosis and to involve recognition of cell membrane component. Second, the use of different approaches (cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology), allowed to identify phosphatidylserin and DNA deoxyribose as C1q targets on apoptotic cells surface. Finally, respective involvement during apoptosis of proteins known to interact with C1q (CRT and p33) was specified. Given the versatile recognition properties of C1q, this molecule would have the unique ability to sense different markers which collectively would provide strong signals, thereby allowing efficient apoptotic cells removal.L'élimination des cellules apoptotiques est un évènement critique pour le maintien de l'homéostasie tissulaire et pour le contrôle des réponses immunes orchestrées par les phagocytes. A l'heure actuelle, les acteurs et en particulier les signaux « eat-me » impliqués ne sont pas encore entièrement caractérisés. C1q, élément de reconnaissance du complément, participe à la reconnaissance des structures altérées du soi et est un acteur majeur de la tolérance immune. Le travail a porté sur l'identification des signaux exposés au cours de l'apoptose et responsables de la fixation de C1q. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation de la résonance plasmonique de surface a permis de montrer que C1q se fixe de façon précoce après induction de l'apoptose et que cette reconnaissance implique un composant membranaire. Dans un deuxième temps, différentes approches (biologie cellulaire, biochimie et biologie structurale) ont permis d'identifier la phosphatidylsérine et le désoxyribose de l'ADN comme cibles de C1q à la surface des cellules apoptotiques. Enfin, le rôle respectif au cours de l'apoptose de partenaires connus de C1q (calréticuline et p33) a été précisé. Etant donné la versatilité des propriétés de reconnaissance de C1q, cette molécule aurait donc la capacité originale de détecter et de collecter différents signaux, qui pris ensemble fourniraient un signal fort permettant l'élimination efficace des cellules apoptotiques

Gut Inflammation in Mice Leads to Reduction in αvβ8 Integrin Expression on CD103 + CD11b - Dendritic Cells

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Investigations on the C1q–Calreticulin–Phosphatidylserine Interactions Yield New Insights into Apoptotic Cell Recognition

International audienceBoth C1q and calreticulin (CRT) are involved in the recognition of apoptotic cells. CRT was initially characterized as a receptor for the C1q collagen-like fragment (CLF), whereas C1q was shown to bind apoptotic cells through its globular region (GR). Using purified CRT and recombinant CRT domains, we now provide unambiguous experimental evidence that, in addition to its CLF, the C1q GR also binds CRT and that both types of interactions are mediated by the CRT globular domain. Surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed that the C1q CLF and GR domains each bind individually to immobilized CRT and its globular domain with K(D) values of (2.6-8.3) × 10(-7) M. Further evidence that CRT binds to the C1q GR was obtained by electron microscopy. The role of CRT in the recognition of apoptotic HeLa cells by C1q was analyzed. The C1q GR partially colocalized with CRT on the surface of early apoptotic cells, and siRNA (small interfering RNA)-induced CRT deficiency resulted in increased apoptotic cell binding to C1q. The interaction between CRT and phosphatidylserine (PS), a known C1q ligand on apoptotic cells, was also investigated. The polar head of PS was shown to bind to CRT with a 10-fold higher affinity (K(D)=1.5 × 10(-5) M) than that determined for C1q, and, accordingly, the C1q GR-PS interaction was impaired in the presence of CRT. Together, these observations indicate that CRT, C1q, and PS are all closely involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells and strongly suggest a combinatorial role of these three molecules in the recognition step

Cutting edge: C1q binds deoxyribose and heparan sulfate through neighboring sites of its recognition domain.

International audienceC1q, the recognition subunit of the C1 complex of complement, is an archetypal pattern recognition molecule with the striking ability to sense a wide variety of targets, including a number of altered self-motifs. The recognition properties of its globular domain were further deciphered by means of x-ray crystallography using deoxy-D-ribose and heparan sulfate as ligands. Highly specific recognition of deoxy-D-ribose, involving interactions with Arg C98, Arg C111, and Asn C113, was observed at 1.2 A resolution. Heparin-derived tetrasaccharide interacted more loosely through Lys C129, Tyr C155, and Trp C190. These data together with previous findings define a unique binding area exhibiting both polyanion and deoxy-D-ribose recognition properties, located on the inner face of C1q. DNA and heparin compete for C1q binding but are poor C1 activators compared with immune complexes. How the location of this binding area in C1q may regulate the level of C1 activation is discussed

αv Integrin expression by DCs is required for Th17 cell differentiation and development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

Th17 cells are a distinct lineage of T helper cells that protect the body from bacterial and fungal infection. However, Th17 cells also contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Th17 cell generation requires exposure of naive T cells to the cytokine TGF-β in combination with proinflammatory cytokines. Here we show that differentiation of Th17 cells is also critically dependent on αv integrins. In mice, lack of integrin αv in the immune system resulted in loss of Th17 cells in the intestine and lymphoid tissues. It also led to protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Further analysis indicated that αv integrins on DCs activated latent TGF-β during T cell stimulation and thereby promoted differentiation of Th17 cells. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of αv integrins using cyclic RGD peptides blocked TGF-β activation and Th17 cell generation in vitro and protected mice from EAE. These data demonstrate that activation of TGF-β by αv-expressing myeloid cells may be a critical step in the generation of Th17 cells and suggest that αv integrins could be therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease