Human Skeletal Remains from the Tyson Site (41SY92)

During the 1993 field season at the Tyson site (41SY92), conducted by the East Texas and Northeast Texas Archaeological societies, two burial features were uncovered. These features contained the skeletal remains of three Caddo subadults, ranging in age from birth to one to two years. Burial 1 yielded the partial skeleton of a child less than two years old, as well as elements of a second, slightly younger, child. Burial 2 produced the remains of a well-preserved infant. This article describes the excavation and osteology protocols, a description of taphonomic conditions, inventory of these burials, demography, size of the subadults, their state of health, and cranial modification

Fibre imaging bundles for full-field optical coherence tomography

An imaging fibre bundle is incorporated into a full-field imaging OCT system, with the aim of eliminating the mechanical scanning currently required at the probe tip in endoscopic systems. Each fibre within the imaging bundle addresses a Fizeau interferometer formed between the bundle end and the sample, a configuration which ensures down lead insensitivity of the probe fibres, preventing variations in sensitivity due to polarization changes in the many thousand constituent fibres. The technique allows acquisition of information across a planar region with single-shot measurement, in the form of a 2D image detected using a digital CCD camera. Depth scanning components are now confined within a processing interferometer external to the completely passive endoscope probe. The technique has been evaluated in our laboratory for test samples, and images acquired using the bundle-based system are presented. Data are displayed either as en-face scans, parallel to the sample surface, or as slices through the depth of the sample, with a spatial resolution of about 30 ï ­m. The minimum detectable reflectivity at present is estimated to be about 10-3, which is satisfactory for many inorganic samples. Methods of improving the signal-to- noise ratio for imaging of lower reflectivity samples are discuss

The prognostic value of eighth grade records with respect to pupils' achievement in the high school sciences.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Engaging Local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Response to HIV/AIDS.

During the past few years, a number of key donor programs have scaled up their global response to the crisis of HIV and AIDS. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Bank’s Multi-country HIV/AIDS Program (MAP), and other bilateral donors and charitable foundations have raised significant resources to fight HIV/AIDS. Spending on HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries increased from $1 billion in 2000 to$6.1 billion in 2004. By 2007, global resources for HIV/AIDS are expected to expand to $10 billion. Local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), faith-based organizations (FBOs), and community-based organizations (CBOs) have been at the center of the response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In many countries, they have been responsible for the majority of the resources reaching individuals and have played a leading role in developing and implementing sustainable strategies to mitigate and prevent HIV/AIDS. One of PEPFAR’s strategic principles is to encourage and strengthen faithbased and community-based non-governmental organizations. The identification of sustainable and efficient local NGOs and the capacity building of these partners is the cornerstone on which the effective engagement of local NGOs is built. The goal of this paper is to begin a discussion among donors, international and local NGOs, and multilateral and U.S. government representatives on how to effectively engage indigenous partners and transfer much-needed resources

Complete eigenstates of identical qubits arranged in regular polygons

We calculate the energy eigenvalues and eigenstates corresponding to coherent single and multiple excitations of an array of N identical qubits or two-level atoms (TLA's) arranged on the vertices of a regular polygon. We assume only that the coupling occurs via an exchange interaction which depends on the separation between the qubits. We include the interactions between all pairs of qubits, and our results are valid for arbitrary distances relative to the radiation wavelength. To illustrate the usefulness of these states, we plot the distance dependence of the decay rates of the n=2 (biexciton) eigenstates of an array of 4 qubits, and tabulate the biexciton eigenvalues and eigenstates, and absorption frequencies, line widths, and relative intensities for polygons consisting of N=2,...,9 qubits in the long-wavelength limit.Comment: Added a figure showing how these results can be used to compute deviations from "equal collective decoherence" approximation

Catching crabs: a case study in local-scale English conservation

Wells-next-the-Sea and Cromer in Norfolk (England) both rely upon their local crab populations, since crabbing (gillying) is a major part of their tourist industry. Compared to a control site with no crabbing, crabs from Wells harbour and Cromer pier were found to have nearly six times the amount of limb damage. Crabs caught by the general public had more injuries than crabs caught in controlled conditions, suggesting the buckets in which the crabs were kept were to blame. Since there is much evidence that such injuries have negative impacts on the survival and reproductive success of the shore crab, this is taken as evidence of non-lethal injury from humans having a population-level effect on these animals. Questionnaire data demonstrated a public lack of awareness and want for information, which was then used to obtain funding to produce a leaflet campaign informing the public of how to crab responsibly. All data collected is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.979288

Single camera 3D planar Doppler velocity measurements using imaging fibre bundles

Two frequency planar Doppler Velocimetry (2ν-PDV) is a modification of the Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) method that allows velocity measurements to be made, quickly and non intrusively, across a plane defined by a laser light sheet. In 2ν-PDV the flow is illuminated sequentially with two optical frequencies, separated by about 700MHz. A single CCD viewing through an iodine absorption cell is used to capture images under each illumination. The two images are used to find the normalised transmission through the cell, and the velocity information is encoded as a variation in the transmission Use of a single camera ensures registration of the reference and signal images and removes issues associated with the polarization sensitivity of the beam splitter, which are major problems in the conventional approach. A 2ν-PDV system has been constructed using a continuous-wave Argon ion laser combined with multiple imaging fibre bundles, to port multiple views of the measurement plane to a CCD camera, allowing the measurement of three velocity components.EPSR

Single camera 3D planar Doppler velocity measurements, using two frequency planar Doppler velocimetry (2v-PDV) and imaging fibre bundles

A modified Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) technique, two frequency PDV (2v-PDV), is described that allows measurements of the velocity field over a plane defined by a laser light sheet using sequential illumination of the flow with two closely separated (&IGHz) frequencies of laser light. This allows a common-path imaging head to be used containing a single CCD camera instead of the usual camera pair. The problem of image misalignment is now avoided and the polarisation sensitivity of the beam splitter used in two camera imaging heads is also removed. Cost efficiency is improved by the simplification of the system. This paper describes the development of a 2v-PDV system using a continuous wave argon ion laser capable of making time-averaged velocity measurements. Initially a single velocity component system was constructed using acousto-optic modulators to produce the two illumination frequencies required. The system was then expanded to make 3D velocity measurements using a single CCD camera and multiple coherent imaging fibre bundles. Measurements were made on the rotating disc, in order to assess error level in the measurements, and on a seeded axisymmetric air jet. A method of improving the sensitivity of the 2v-PDV system is demonstrated by using both the rising and falling slopes of the iodine absorption line. Reductions in the error levels of velocity measurements of approximately 40% can be achieved using this increased sensitivity method