Heat Load-Induced Changes in Lying Behavior and Lying Cubicle Occupancy of Lactating Dairy Cows in a Naturally Ventilated Barn

Dairy cows show a high sensitivity to changes in barn climate, which can result in physiological and ethological responses because of the homeostatic mechanisms to regulate the body temperature under heat load. The objective of this study was to analyze the lying behavior and occupancy of lying cubicles of lactating high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows throughout the day during three summer months and three winter months. The study was conducted in summer 2016 and in winter 2016/17 in a naturally ventilated barn in Brandenburg, Germany. The determined temperaturehumidity index (THI) of the barn was calculated using the measured ambient temperature and relative humidity at eight locations inside the barn. The THI was used to define the heat load the cows were exposed to. The activity of the cows was measured with accelerometers, and a video recording was made to analyze the occupancy of the three rows of lying cubicles. The results indicated that increasing heat load led to a decrease in lying time; therefore, the daily lying time differed between summer and winter months. In addition, there were different patterns of lying behavior during the course of the day, depending on the season. A sharp decline in lying time could be observed especially in the afternoon hours during the summer. The occupancy of lying cubicles was also influenced by the heat load. The data could be helpful to enable evaluation with algorithms for early detection of heat load

How should the respiration rate be counted in cattle?

Respiration rate (RR) is a proficient indicator to measure the health status of cattle. The common method of measurement is to count the number of respiratory cycles each minute based on flank movements. However, there is no consistent method of execution. In previous studies, various methods have been described, including counting flank movements for 15 s, 30 s or 60 s as well as stopping the time for 5 or 10 breaths. We assume that the accuracy of the aforementioned methods differs. Therefore, we compared their precision with an RR sensor, which was used as the reference method in this study. Five scientists from the fields of agricultural science and veterinary medicine quantified the flank movement according to each of the five methods mentioned above. The results showed that with an average RR of 30 breaths per minute (bpm), all methods showed a high correlation to the values of the RR sensor. However, counting breaths for 60 s had the highest level of conformity with the RR sensor (Lin`s concordance correlation coefficient: 0.96) regardless of the level of RR. With rising RR, the inaccuracy increased significantly for the other four investigated methods, especially when counting 5 and 10 breaths. Therefore, we would recommend that counting for 60 s should be used as the standard method for future studies due to its high precision regardless of the level of RR

Tundra Bean Geese Anser fabalis rossicus in central and southern Sweden autumn 2009–spring 2012

Daytime counts at 35 staging/wintering sites in 2009–2012 revealed that total numbers of Tundra Bean Geese Anser fabalis rossicus present in central and southern Sweden often reached 5000–10000. In mild winters, many of these birds stay in Sweden, mainly in the Hammarsjön area, in NE Scania. These findings show that the current population size of the Taiga Bean Goose A. f. fabalis is seriously over-estimated.Daytime counts at 35 staging/wintering sites in 2009–2012 revealed that total numbers of Tundra Bean Geese Anser fabalis rossicus present in central and southern Sweden often reached 5000–10000. In mild winters, many of these birds stay in Sweden, mainly in the Hammarsjön area, in NE Scania. These findings show that the current population size of the Taiga Bean Goose A. f. fabalis is seriously over-estimated

Steuerung von Hochschulen in den DACH-Ländern: Erste empirische Ergebnisse

Die Einführung des Neuen Steuerungsmodells stellt den öffentlichen Sektor und damit insbesondere die Hochschulen vor eine große Herausforderung. Ziel ist es, finanzielle Probleme und Ineffizienzen zu beheben. Unsere Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung: Wie steuern sich Hochschulen und was sind die größten Treiber für den Erfolg in der Steuerung? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurden als Grundgesamtheit alle staatlich anerkannten privaten und öffentlichen Hochschulen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (DACH-Region) befragt. Der vorliegende Auswertungsbericht fasst erste deskriptive Ergebnisse dieser Studie zusammen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 2 Zielsetzung 2.1 Levers of Control von Simons (1995) 2.2 Objects of Control von Merchant und Van der Stede (2012) 3 Datenerhebung 3.1 Methode der Datenerhebung 3.2 Charakterisierung der Grundgesamtheit 3.3 Ablauf der Datenerhebung 3.4 Rücklauf 4 Empirische Ergebnisse zur Hochschulsteuerung 4.1 Hochschulleistung 4.2 Umfeld der Hochschule 4.3 Autonomie 4.4 Strategie der Hochschule 4.4.1 Strategie im Bereich Lehre 4.4.2 Strategie im Bereich Forschung 4.5 Steuerung von Maßnahmen und Aktivitäten 4.6 Verhaltensregeln der Hochschule 4.7 Wertesystem der Hochschule 4.8 Mitarbeiterführung 4.9 Einschätzung von Steuerungsmechanismen 4.10 Steuerungssystem der Hochschule 4.11 Controllinginstrumente 4.11.1 Planungs-, Berichts- und Steuerungsinstrumente 4.11.2 Qualitätsmanagementsysteme 4.11.3 Qualitätsinstrumente 4.11.4 Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung Literaturverzeichni

Moderate altitude but not additional endurance training increases markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate

Oxidative stress occurs at altitude, and physical exertion might enhance this stress. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of exercise and moderate altitude on redox balance in ten endurance exercising biathletes, and five sedentary volunteers during a 6-week-stay at 2,800m. As a marker for oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was analyzed by the biosensor measuring system Ecocheck™, and 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-iso PGF2α) was determined by enzyme immunoassay in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). To determine the whole blood antioxidative capacity, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) enzymatically using Ellman's reagent. Exercising athletes and sedentary volunteers showed increased levels of oxidative markers at moderate altitude, contrary to our expectations; there was no difference between both groups. Therefore, all subjects' data were pooled to examine the oxidative stress response exclusively due to altitude exposure. H2O2 levels increased at altitude and remained elevated for 3days after returning to sea level (p≤0.05). On the other hand, 8-iso PGF2α levels showed a tendency to increase at altitude, but declined immediately after returning to sea level (p≤0.001). Hypoxic exposure during the first day at altitude resulted in elevated GSH levels (p≤0.05), that decreased during prolonged sojourn at altitude (p≤0.001). In conclusion, a stay at moderate altitude for up to 6weeks increases markers of oxidative stress in EBC independent of additional endurance training. Notably, this oxidative stress is still detectable 3days upon return to sea leve

Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium

The goal of the Gene Ontology (GO) project is to provide a uniform way to describe the functions of gene products from organisms across all kingdoms of life and thereby enable analysis of genomic data. Protein annotations are either based on experiments or predicted from protein sequences. Since most sequences have not been experimentally characterized, most available annotations need to be based on predictions. To make as accurate inferences as possible, the GO Consortium's Reference Genome Project is using an explicit evolutionary framework to infer annotations of proteins from a broad set of genomes from experimental annotations in a semi-automated manner. Most components in the pipeline, such as selection of sequences, building multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, retrieving experimental annotations and depositing inferred annotations, are fully automated. However, the most crucial step in our pipeline relies on software-assisted curation by an expert biologist. This curation tool, Phylogenetic Annotation and INference Tool (PAINT) helps curators to infer annotations among members of a protein family. PAINT allows curators to make precise assertions as to when functions were gained and lost during evolution and record the evidence (e.g. experimentally supported GO annotations and phylogenetic information including orthology) for those assertions. In this article, we describe how we use PAINT to infer protein function in a phylogenetic context with emphasis on its strengths, limitations and guidelines. We also discuss specific examples showing how PAINT annotations compare with those generated by other highly used homology-based methods

Movements of Tundra Bean Goose Anser fabalis rossicus neck-banded in northern Scandinavia

Based on 1420 neck-band reports we could map the movements of Tundra Bean Geese marked in northern Scandinavia. With few exceptions, the maps show a distinct migration pattern through Sweden to the main wintering area in NE Scania. In mild winters, only a few individuals extend their migration into continental Europe, but during severe winters, a large proportion of the sightings are from Germany and Denmark.Based on 1420 neck-band reports we could map the movements of Tundra Bean Geese marked in northern Scandinavia. With few exceptions, the maps show a distinct migration pattern through Sweden to the main wintering area in NE Scania. In mild winters, only a few individuals extend their migration into continental Europe, but during severe winters, a large proportion of the sightings are from Germany and Denmark

Heat stress risk in European dairy cattle husbandry under different climate change scenarios - uncertainties and potential impacts

[EN] In the last decades, a global warming trend was observed. Along with the temperature increase, modifications in the humidity and wind regime amplify the regional and local impacts on livestock husbandry. Direct impacts include the occurrence of climatic stress conditions. In Europe, cows are economically highly relevant and are mainly kept in naturally ventilated buildings that are most susceptible to climate change. The high-yielding cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress. Modifications in housing management are the main measures taken to improve the ability of livestock to cope with these conditions. Measures are typically taken in direct reaction to uncomfortable conditions instead of in anticipation of a long-term risk for climatic stress. Measures that balance welfare, environmental and economic issues are barely investigated in the context of climate change and are thus almost not available for commercial farms. Quantitative analysis of the climate change impacts on animal welfare and linked economic and environmental factors is rare. Therefore, we used a numerical modeling approach to estimate the future heat stress risk in such dairy cattle husbandry systems. The indoor climate was monitored inside three reference barns in central Europe and the Mediterranean regions. An artificial neuronal network (ANN) was trained to relate the outdoor weather conditions provided by official meteorological weather stations to the measured indoor microclimate. Subsequently, this ANN model was driven by an ensemble of regional climate model projections with three different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. For the evaluation of the heat stress risk, we considered the number and duration of heat stress events. Based on the changes in the heat stress events, various economic and environmental impacts were estimated. The impacts of the projected increase in heat stress risk varied among the barns due to different locations and designs as well as the anticipated climate change (considering different climate models and future greenhouse gas concentrations). There was an overall increasing trend in number and duration of heat stress events. At the end of the century, the number of annual stress events can be expected to increase by up to 2000, while the average duration of the events increases by up to 22 h compared to the end of the last century. This implies strong impacts on economics, environment and animal welfare and an urgent need for mid-term adaptation strategies. We anticipated that up to one-tenth of all hours of a year, correspondingly one-third of all days, will be classified as critical heat stress conditions. Due to heat stress, milk yield may decrease by about 2.8 % relative to the present European milk yield, and farmers may expect financial losses in the summer season of about 5.4 % of their monthly income. In addition, an increasing demand for emission reduction measures must be expected, as an emission increase of about 16 Gg of ammonia and 0.1 Gg of methane per year can be expected under the anticipated heat stress conditions. The cattle respiration rate increases by up to 60 %, and the standing time may be prolonged by 1 h. This causes health issues and increases the probability of medical treatments. The various impacts imply feedback loops in the climate system which are presently underexplored. Hence, future in-depth studies on the different impacts and adaptation options at different stress levels are highly recommended.This research has been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) (grant nos. 2814ERA02C and 2814ERA03C), the Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) (grant no. 618105), the Basque Government (grant no. BERC 2018-2021), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness MINECO (grant nos. MDM-2017-0714, FJCI-2016-30263, and RYC-2017-22143), and the Innovation Foundation Denmark (grant no. 4215-00004B).Hempel, S.; Menz, C.; Pinto, S.; Galán, E.; Janke, D.; Estellés, F.; Müschner-Siemens, T.... (2019). Heat stress risk in European dairy cattle husbandry under different climate change scenarios - uncertainties and potential impacts. 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Internationale Studie zur Unternehmenssteuerung und zum Umweltmanagement: Eine Auswertung erster Ergebnisse

Das Controlling übernimmt in Unternehmen die Aufgabe, die langfristige Existenz des Unternehmens zu sichern und kurzfristig die Ziele der Gewinnerzielung und der Liquiditätssicherung zu erreichen. In Zeiten der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Nachhaltigkeit tritt neben die ökonomische die ökologische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit im Sinne der sogenannten Triple Bottom Line. Daher widmet sich unsere internationale Studie explizit der Beziehung von Unternehmenssteuerung und Umweltmanagement in Bezug auf Nachhaltigkeit. Der vorliegende Auswertungsbericht fasst erste deskriptive Ergebnisse dieser Studie, bei der die 2.500 größten Unternehmen in Deutschland im Jahr 2015 befragt wurden, zusammen.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Zielsetzung 1.2 Aufbau und Auswertungsmethodik 2 Grundkonzepte des Controllings und des Umweltmanagements 2.1 Konzeption des Controllings 2.1.1 Levers of Control von Simons (1995) 2.1.2 Objects of Control von Merchant und Van der Stede (2012) 2.2 Konzeption des Umweltmanagements 2.2.1 Ökologieorientiertes Controlling 2.2.2 Instrumente des ökologieorientierten Rechnungswesens 2.3 Zielgrößen der Unternehmenssteuerung und des Umweltmanagements 2.3.1 Unternehmenserfolg 2.3.2 Innovationsleistung 2.4 Einflussfaktoren der Unternehmenssteuerung und des Umweltmanagements 2.4.1 Strategietypen 2.4.2 Umfeldunsicherheiten 2.4.3 Länderkultur 2.4.4 Unternehmenskultur 2.4.5 Stakeholder 3 Datenerhebung 3.1 Charakterisierung der Grundgesamtheit 3.2 Ablauf der Datenerhebung 3.3 Zusammenfassung des Fragebogenrücklaufs 4 Empirische Ergebnisse zur Unternehmenssteuerung 4.1 Wettbewerbsstrategie 4.2 Integration von Unternehmenssteuerung und Umweltmanagement 4.3 Trends im Controlling und im Umweltmanagement 4.4 Leistungsmessung und Kontrolle 4.5 Steuerung von Maßnahmen und Aktivitäten 4.6 Mitarbeiterführung 4.7 Werte und Normen 4.8 Administrative Innovationen 4.9 Organisationale Innovationen in Arbeits- und Ablaufprozessen 4.10 Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen 4.11 Veränderungen im Unternehmensumfeld 4.12 Unternehmenskultur 4.13 Unternehmenserfolg 4.14 Effektivität der strategischen Planung 5 Empirische Ergebnisse zum Umweltmanagement 5.1 Umweltmanagementsystem und Berichterstattung 5.2 Bedeutung von Stakeholdern 5.3 Umweltmanagement 5.4 Werte und Normen 5.5 Umweltinformationssystem 5.6 Umweltbezogene Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse 5.7 Öko-Controlling 5.8 Analyse von Materialflüssen 5.9 Umweltleistung 5.10 Nutzung von Umweltkennzahlen 5.11 Mitarbeiterführung 5.12 Steuerung von umweltbezogenen Leistungszielen 5.13 Leistungsmessung und Kontrolle 5.14 Bedeutung von Umweltaspekten für Lieferanten 5.15 Lieferantenbeziehungen 5.16 Hemmnisse für eine ökologieorientierte Wertschöpfungskette 6 Management Summary Literaturverzeichni