Проект парогазовой ТЭЦ с противодавленческими турбинами

Дипломный проект 86страниц, 5рисунков, 10таблиц, 10 источников, 1 приложение, 7 листов графического материала, ТЕПЛОВАЯ СХЕМА, ПАРОГАЗОВАЯ УСТАНОВКА, КОТЕЛ-УТИЛИЗАТОР, ПАРОВАЯ ТУРБИНА СХЕМА КИП и А. Объектом исследования является парогазовый энергоблок. Цель работы – проект парогазового энергоблока. В процессе работы выполнен расчет тепловой схемы расчетный для проектирования отопления режим. режим, проектирование котла-утилизатора, технико-экономические расчеты. В результате выполнения работы показаны преимущества парогазового энергоблока на базе высокотемпературной газотурбинной установки SGT-800, проект позволяет повысить КПД энергоблока в сравнении с традиционными паросиловыми установками. Технико-экономические расчеты показали быструю окупаемость проекта и низкую себестоимость электроэнергии. Пояснительная записка выполнена в текстовом редакторе Microsoft Of- fice Word 2007, чертежи в графических редакторах Компас.Graduation project 86stranits, 5risunkov, 10tablits 10 sources 1 annex, 7 sheets of graphic material, Thermal circuit, combined cycle gas turbine, heat recovery boiler, steam turbine and instrumentation A. SCHEME The object of the research is combined-cycle unit. Objective - combined cycle power project. In the process, calculated the thermal circuit current mode for heating design. mode, design recovery boiler, technical and economic calculations. As a result of the work shows the benefits of combined cycle gas turbine power on the basis of high-temperature gas turbine SGT-800 installation, the project improves the power efficiency compared to conventional steam power plants. Technical and economic calculations have shown a rapid return on the project and the low cost of electricity. The explanatory note is made in the text editor Microsoft Of- fice Word 2007 drawing in the graphic editors Compass

Electronic structure of warm dense copper studied by ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy

We use time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the unoccupied electronic density of states of warm dense copper that is produced isochorically through the absorption of an ultrafast optical pulse. The temperature of the superheated electron-hole plasma, which ranges from 4000 to 10 000 K, was determined by comparing the measured x-ray absorption spectrum with a simulation. The electronic structure of warm dense copper is adequately described with the high temperature electronic density of state calculated by the density functional theory. The dynamics of the electron temperature is consistent with a two-temperature model, while a temperature-dependent electron-phonon coupling parameter is necessary

Flüchtige Inhaltsstoffe aus "Flüssigzucker"

Aus Aromaanreicherungen (Dichlormethan- und Freon 11/Dichlormethan-Extrakten) verschiedener invertierter Saccharoselösungen (Invertzuckersirup, sog. „Flüssigzucker") wurden etwa 20 Inhaltsstoffe mittels GC-MS identifiziert.Der überwiegende Teil der identifizierten Komponenten entsteht bei Dehydratisierungsreaktionen aus Glucose bzw. Fructose.Das Vorkommen von 2-Hydroxyacetylfuran in Wein - eine Verbindung, die bisher weder in Süßreserven noch in Traubenmost bzw. in Weinen, die nur aus Traubenmost hergestellt wurden, nachgewiesen werden konnte - kann als ein Indiz zum Nachweis eines Zusatzes von Invertzuckerlösungen (u. a. des sog. „Flüssigzuckers") zu Traubenmost oder Wein verwendet werden.Volatile ingredients from inverted sucrose solutions ("Flüssigzucker")Approximately 20 volatile ingredients were identified by GC-MS in various inverted sucrose solutions. This was accomplished using an aroma enrichment method with Freon/dichloromethane and dichloromethane.The majority of the identified components (furan compounds) arise by dehydration reactions from glucose and fructose.The compound 2-hydroxyacetylfuran could not be found till now in wine which was fermented from grape must and also not in grape juice. Therefore the presence of 2-hydroxyacetylfuran in wine could be used as circumstantial evidence that inverted sucrose solutions (so-called "Flüssigzucker") had been added to the grape must or wine

Endosomal accumulation of APP in wobbler motor neurons reflects impaired vesicle trafficking: Implications for human motor neuron disease

Palmisano R, Golfi P, Heimann P, et al. Endosomal accumulation of APP in wobbler motor neurons reflects impaired vesicle trafficking: Implications for human motor neuron disease. BMC Neuroscience. 2011;12(1): 24.Background: The cause of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is largely unknown but hypotheses about disease mechanisms include oxidative stress, defective axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted RNA processing. Whereas familial ALS is well represented by transgenic mutant SOD1 mouse models, the mouse mutant wobbler (WR) develops progressive motor neuron degeneration due to a point mutation in the Vps54 gene, and provides an animal model for sporadic ALS. VPS54 protein as a component of a protein complex is involved in vesicular Golgi trafficking; impaired vesicle trafficking might also be mechanistic in the pathogenesis of human ALS. Results: In motor neurons of homozygous symptomatic WR mice, a massive number of endosomal vesicles significantly enlarged (up to 3 mu m in diameter) were subjected to ultrastructural analysis and immunohistochemistry for the endosome-specific small GTPase protein Rab7 and for amyloid precursor protein (APP). Enlarged vesicles were neither detected in heterozygous WR nor in transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice; in WR motor neurons, numerous APP/Rab7-positive vesicles were observed which were mostly LC3-negative, suggesting they are not autophagosomes. Conclusions: We conclude that endosomal APP/Rab7 staining reflects impaired vesicle trafficking in WR mouse motor neurons. Based on these findings human ALS tissues were analysed for APP in enlarged vesicles and were detected in spinal cord motor neurons in six out of fourteen sporadic ALS cases. These enlarged vesicles were not detected in any of the familial ALS cases. Thus our study provides the first evidence for wobbler-like aetiologies in human ALS and suggests that the genes encoding proteins involved in vesicle trafficking should be screened for pathogenic mutations

Magnetic coupling in CuCr2X4 (X = S, Se) spinel compounds obtained via substitution of the chromium ions by nonmagnetic Sb or Al ions

Taking into account both the dc magnetic susceptibility and the magnetization measurements as well as the high-temperature expansion of the magnetic susceptibility procedure the hopping integrals and superexchange integrals for the first and second coordination sphere were evaluated. The two hopping integrals are positive and many times greater than the superexchange ones. The obtained results testify to that in the stoichiometric compounds under study the double-exchange magnetic interaction is the main mechanism responsible for very strong, ferromagnetic coupling. Using the total hopping integral B the bandwidth of mixed valence band of chromium ions was determined

Fremdkomponenten im Aroma von Trauben und Weinen interspezifischer Rebsorten 1. Die Erdbeernote

Mit Hilfe der GC-MS-Kopplung und der „Schnüffeltechnik" gelang es erstmals, in Aromaextrakten von Trauben und Weinen interspezifischer Neuzuchten die für die häufig auftretende Erdbeernote verantwortlichen Verbindungen, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-3-furanon und 2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-furanon, zu identifizieren und damit die Voraussetzung für eine objektive Früherkennung dieses Fremdtones auf der Sämlingsstufe zu schaffen. Beide Verbindungen konnten weder in V.-vinifera-Sorten noch in den zur Verfügung stehenden V.-riparia-Klonen nachgewiesen werden. Dagegen kommen sie in Trauben einer anderen amerikanischen Wildart, nämlich V. labrusca, und der V.-labrusca-Kultursorte Niagara vor. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse folgern wir, daß die als Muttersorte von Castor angegebene Sorte Vi 5861 nicht durch Selbstung von Oberlin 595 entstanden ist, sondern eine Kreuzung von Oberlin 595 mit einer V. labrusca-Erbgut enthaltenden Rebsorte darstellt.Off-flavour compounds in the berry and wine aroma of grapevine hybrids 1. The strawberry-like flavourUsing GC-MS together with the "sniffing-technique", the compounds responsible for the strawberry-like off-flavour - 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-3- furanone and 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-furanone - were identified for the first time in berries and wines of interspecific grapevine breedings. Thus, an objective diagnosis method can be developed in order to recognize these off-flavour compounds at the stage of the seedling.Both compounds could be detected neither in Vitis vinifera varieties nor in the various V. riparia clones examined. On the other hand, they are present in berries of the American wild species V. labrusca and in the V. labrusca cv. Niagara. From these results it is concluded that the cv. Vi 5861, the mother of the newbreeding Castor, did not originate by seif pollination from the cv. Oberlin 595, but is a crossing from Oberlin 595 and a V. labrusca descendant

The effects of CO2, climate and land-use on terrestrial carbon balance, 1920-1992: An analysis with four process-based ecosystem models

The concurrent effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, climate variability, and cropland establishment and abandonment on terrestrial carbon storage between 1920 and 1992 were assessed using a standard simulation protocol with four process-based terrestrial biosphere models. Over the long-term(1920–1992), the simulations yielded a time history of terrestrial uptake that is consistent (within the uncertainty) with a long-term analysis based on ice core and atmospheric CO2 data. Up to 1958, three of four analyses indicated a net release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere caused by cropland establishment. After 1958, all analyses indicate a net uptake of carbon by terrestrial ecosystems, primarily because of the physiological effects of rapidly rising atmospheric CO2. During the 1980s the simulations indicate that terrestrial ecosystems stored between 0.3 and 1.5 Pg C yr−1, which is within the uncertainty of analysis based on CO2 and O2 budgets. Three of the four models indicated (in accordance with O2 evidence) that the tropics were approximately neutral while a net sink existed in ecosystems north of the tropics. Although all of the models agree that the long-term effect of climate on carbon storage has been small relative to the effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 and land use, the models disagree as to whether climate variability and change in the twentieth century has promoted carbon storage or release. Simulated interannual variability from 1958 generally reproduced the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-scale variability in the atmospheric CO2 increase, but there were substantial differences in the magnitude of interannual variability simulated by the models. The analysis of the ability of the models to simulate the changing amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 suggested that the observed trend may be a consequence of CO2 effects, climate variability, land use changes, or a combination of these effects. The next steps for improving the process-based simulation of historical terrestrial carbon include (1) the transfer of insight gained from stand-level process studies to improve the sensitivity of simulated carbon storage responses to changes in CO2 and climate, (2) improvements in the data sets used to drive the models so that they incorporate the timing, extent, and types of major disturbances, (3) the enhancement of the models so that they consider major crop types and management schemes, (4) development of data sets that identify the spatial extent of major crop types and management schemes through time, and (5) the consideration of the effects of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. The evaluation of the performance of the models in the context of a more complete consideration of the factors influencing historical terrestrial carbon dynamics is important for reducing uncertainties in representing the role of terrestrial ecosystems in future projections of the Earth system