Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Europe: Finland Case Study

Both natural increase and internal migration have played roles in the shaping of population distribution of Finland since 1900. Far reaching recent changes in the economy have brought about massive shift of jobs from agriculture to manufacturing and services. As a result people have relocated from rural to urban areas. Both natural change and net migration have distinct geographical patterns, resulting in serious depopulation in remote areas in the east and north of the country. Internal migration benefits the south, the west, coastal areas, urban agglomerations and suburban areas. International migration is a marginal phenomenon in Finland and has little impact on population dynamics. Net migration losses in the past were offset by high natural increase and in recent decades Finnish emigrants have returned. Urban concentration is a dominant feature of the Finnish migration system. At the subregional level, suburbanisation is visible, but is not as strong as in the overcrowded metropolises of Western Europe. The relationships between migration and size of municipality, migration and population density and migration and urban/rural class of municipalities show that the process of concentration is the strongest force at work in shifting people to urban agglomerations and their suburban rings. Regional patterns of migration show strong transfers of population from north and east to south and to lesser extent to west of the country. The Baltic Sea coast has a strong attraction to migrants. Migration is sex-selective, with a much higher propensity of females to leave remote and rural areas and migrate to urban centres and the southern part of the country. The result is a significant gender imbalance: a deficiency of females in rural areas and in the north and east of the country and a surplus in urban and semi-urban areas. However, the economic indicator unemployment has a rather weak and imprecise effect on migrants

Mesoscopic supercurrent transistor controlled by nonequilibrium cooling

The distinctive quasiparticle distribution existing under nonequilibrium in a superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) mesoscopic line is proposed as a novel tool to control the supercurrent intensity in a long Josephson weak link. We present a description of this system in the framework of the diffusive-limit quasiclassical Green-function theory and take into account the effects of inelastic scattering with arbitrary strength. Supercurrent enhancement and suppression, including a marked transition to a $\pi$-junction are striking features leading to a fully tunable structure. The role of the degree of nonequilibrium, temperature, and materials choice as well as features like noise, switching time, and current and power gain are also addressed.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Journal of Low Temperature Physic

Tailoring Josephson coupling through superconductivity-induced nonequilibrium

The distinctive quasiparticle distribution existing under nonequilibrium in a superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) mesoscopic line is proposed as a novel tool to control the supercurrent intensity in a long Josephson weak link. We present a description of this system in the framework of the diffusive-limit quasiclassical Green-function theory and take into account the effects of inelastic scattering with arbitrary strength. Supercurrent enhancement and suppression, including a marked transition to a $\pi$-junction are striking features leading to a fully tunable structure.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Large periodic time variations of termination shock particles between ~0.5-20 mev and 6-14 mev electrons measured by the crs experiment on Voyager 2 as it crossed into the heliosheath in 2007: An example of freshly accelerated cosmic rays?

We have examined features in the structure of the heliosheath using the fine scale time variations of termination shock particles (TSP) between ~0.5 - 20 MeV and electrons between 2.5-14 MeV measured by the CRS instrument as the V2 spacecraft crossed the heliospheric termination shock in 2007. The very disturbed heliosheath at V2 is particularly noteworthy for strong periodic intensity variations of the TSP just after V2 crossed the termination shock (2007.66) reaching a maximum between 2007.75 and 2008.0. A series of 42/21 day periodicities was observed at V2 along with spectral changes of low energy TSP and the acceleration of 6-14 MeV electrons. Evidence is presented for the acceleration of TSP and electrons at the times of the 42/21 day periodicities just after V2 crossed the HTS. Spectra for TSP between 2-20 MeV and electrons between 2.5-14 MeV are derived for three time periods including the time of the HTS crossing. The energy spectra of TSP and electrons at these times of intensity peaks are very similar above ~3 MeV, with exponents of a power law spectrum between -3.0 and -3.6. The ratio of TSP intensities to electron intensities at the same energy is ~500. The electron intensity peaks and minima are generally out of phase with those of nuclei by ~1/2 of a 42 day cycle. These charge dependent intensity differences and the large periodic intensity changes could provide new clues as to a possible acceleration mechanism

Anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosheath

We report on Voyager 1 and 2 observations of anomalous cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere. The energy spectrum of anomalous cosmic ray helium as each spacecraft crossed the solar wind termination shock into the heliosheath remained modulated. Assuming the intensity gradient between the two spacecraft is purely radial, we find that radial gradients in the heliosheath of He with 11.6–22.3 MeV/nuc and with ∼61–73MeV/nuc∼61–73 MeV/nuc are 4.9±1.2%/AU4.9±1.2%/AU and 0.0±0.5%/AU,0.0±0.5%/AU, respectively. Strong temporal variations of the 11.6–22.3 MeV/nuc He intensity at both spacecraft were observed in 2005 just after Voyager 1 crossed the termination shock and while Voyager 2 was upstream. After 2006.0, the intensity variations are more moderate and likely due to a combination of spatial and temporal variations. As of early 2008, the anomalous cosmic ray He energy spectrum has unfolded to what may be a source spectrum. The spectrum at Voyager 2 remains modulated. We examine three recent models of the origin of anomalous cosmic rays in light of these observations

High Excitation Molecular Gas in the Magellanic Clouds

We present the first survey of submillimeter CO 4-3 emission in the Magellanic Clouds. The survey is comprised of 15 6'x6' maps obtained using the AST/RO telescope toward the molecular peaks of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. We have used these data to constrain the physical conditions in these objects, in particular their molecular gas density and temperature. We find that there are significant amounts of molecular gas associated with most of these molecular peaks, and that high molecular gas temperatures are pervasive throughout our sample. We discuss whether this may be due to the low metallicities and the associated dearth of gas coolants in the Clouds, and conclude that the present sample is insufficient to assert this effect.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables. To appear in Ap

Affine Illumination compensation on hyperspectral/multiangular remote sensing images

The huge amount of information some of the new optical satellites developed nowadays will create demands to quickly and reliably compensate for changes in the atmospheric transmittance and varying solar illumination conditions. In this paper three different forms of affine transformation models (general, particular and diagonal) are considered as candidates for rapid compensation of illumination variations. They are tested on a group of three pairs of CHRIS-PROBA radiance images obtained in a test field in Barrax (Spain), and where there is a difference in the atmospheric as well as in the geometrical acquisition conditions. Results indicate that the proposed methodology is satisfactory for practical normalization of varying illumination and atmospheric conditions in remotely sensed images required for operational applicationsThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the projects Consolider Ingenio 2010 CSD2007 − 00018, EODIX AYA2008 − 05965 − C04 − 04/ESP and ALFI3D TIN2009 − 14103 − C03 − 01, by the Generalitat Valenciana through the project PROMETEO/2010/028 and by Fundació Caixa-Castellóthrough the project P1 1B2007 − 4

Large periodic time variations of termination shock particles between ~0.5-20 mev and 6-14 mev electrons measured by the crs experiment on Voyager 2 as it crossed into the heliosheath in 2007: An example of freshly accelerated cosmic rays?

We have examined features in the structure of the heliosheath using the fine scale time variations of termination shock particles (TSP) between ~0.5 - 20 MeV and electrons between 2.5-14 MeV measured by the CRS instrument as the V2 spacecraft crossed the heliospheric termination shock in 2007. The very disturbed heliosheath at V2 is particularly noteworthy for strong periodic intensity variations of the TSP just after V2 crossed the termination shock (2007.66) reaching a maximum between 2007.75 and 2008.0. A series of 42/21 day periodicities was observed at V2 along with spectral changes of low energy TSP and the acceleration of 6-14 MeV electrons. Evidence is presented for the acceleration of TSP and electrons at the times of the 42/21 day periodicities just after V2 crossed the HTS. Spectra for TSP between 2-20 MeV and electrons between 2.5-14 MeV are derived for three time periods including the time of the HTS crossing. The energy spectra of TSP and electrons at these times of intensity peaks are very similar above ~3 MeV, with exponents of a power law spectrum between -3.0 and -3.6. The ratio of TSP intensities to electron intensities at the same energy is ~500. The electron intensity peaks and minima are generally out of phase with those of nuclei by ~1/2 of a 42 day cycle. These charge dependent intensity differences and the large periodic intensity changes could provide new clues as to a possible acceleration mechanism