Energy saving potential and repercussions on indoor air quality of demand controlled residential ventilation strategies

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Les élites de la colonie et de l’Empire à Arles, au début du Principat: nouveaux témoignages épigraphiques

Dieser Artikel bietet eine detaillierte Untersuchung von in Arles in Wiederverwendung gefundenen, fragmentarischen Inschriften. Die meisten von ihnen stammen aus den Ausgrabungen der Kryptoportiken des Forums und waren bisher nur kurz angezeigt worden. Eine erste Gruppe beleuchtet die den Angehörigen des Ritterstandes von Arles zu Beginn der Kaiserzeit übertragenen militärischen Kommandofunktionen. Nach der Diskussion von drei bereits bekannten Dokumenten werden zwei Texte untersucht, die militärische Funktionen erwähnen, die erstmals belegt sind: die eines tribunus speculatorum und eines praefectus equitum et peditum, ausgeübt vermutlich zwischen der Einrichtung des Prinzipats und der Herrschaft des Claudius. Eine zweite Gruppe von sechs Texten bilden Monumente, die auf dem Forum der Kolonie gestanden haben müssen. Es handelt sich um zwei Inschriften zu Ehren örtlicher Honoratioren, einer Ehrung für einen neuen Prokonsul der Narbonensis namens Crassus, wahrscheinlich einen Auszug aus einem Ehrendekret, eine Inschrift, die an die Errichtung von zwei Statuen erinnert, und einen Text, in dem ein Dekret der Dekurionen erwähnt wird. Die Analyse erlaubt es, endgültig zu bestätigen, dass der Senator M. Pompeius Silvanus Staberius Flavenus aus Arles stammte, und seinen Namen zu präzisieren (Flavenus, nicht Flavinus). Abschliessend wird eine Gruppe von Texten präsentiert, die aus zwei Epitaphfragmenten und sieben weiteren, sehr kleinen Fragmenten besteht. Insgesamt bezeugen diese Inschriften die Vitalität des bürgerlichen Lebens in Arles und die frühe Existenz einer leistungsfähigen und loyalen Elite, die schon in den ersten Jahrzehnten der Geschichte der Kolonie in der Lage war, in die höheren Schichten der römischen Gesellschaft aufzusteigen.This article provides a detailled analysis of fragmentary inscriptions found as spolia in Arles. Most of them were found during the excavation of the cryptoporticos of the forum and had only been briefly announced so far. The first group sheds light on the military functions exercised by the equestrians of Arles at the beginning of the imperial period. After a discussion of three previously known documents, two texts are examined that mention hitherto unknown military posts: that of a tribunus speculatorum and of a praefectus equitum et peditum, presumably fulfilled between the beginning of the principate and the reign of Claudius. A second group consists of six texts which must have belonged to monuments that stood on the forum of the colony. These include two inscriptions in the honour of local notables, an homage to a new proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis named Crassus, presumably an extract from an honorary decree, an inscription that records the erection of two statues, and a text that mentions a decree of the decurions. The analysis makes it possible to establish with certainty that the senator M. Pompeius Silvanus Staberius Flavenus came from Arles and was in fact named Flavenus and not Flavinus. The last group presented is somewhat different and consists of two fragments of epitaphs and seven other, small fragments. The corpus attests to the vitality of civic life in Arles and the earlyexistence of a capable and loyal elite that was able to claim positions in the higher ranks of Roman society already in the first decades of the colony’s history.Cet article procède à l’étude détaillée de fragments d’inscriptions découverts à Arles, en remploi. La plupart d’entre eux proviennent des fouilles des cryptoportiques du forum et n’avaient été que brièvement signalés jusqu’alors. Un premier groupe met en lumière les commandements militaires reçus par des chevaliers arlésiens au début de l’époque impériale. Après l’évocation de trois documents déjà connus, sont étudiés deux textes mentionnant des fonctions militaires nouvellement attestées: celles de tribunus speculatorum et de praefectus equitum et peditum, sans doute remplies entre l’instauration du Principat et le règne de Claude. Un deuxième groupe de six textes est formé par des monuments qui devaient prendre place sur le forum de la colonie. Il s’agit de deux inscriptions en l’honneur de notables locaux, d’un hommage à un nouveau proconsul de Narbonnaise dénommé Crassus, d’un probable extrait de décret honorifique, d’une inscription commémorant l’érection de deux statues, et d’un texte mentionnant un décret des décurions. L’analyse permet d’établir définitivement l’origine arlésienne du sénateur M. Pompeius Silvanus Staberius Flavenus, et de mieux établir sa dénomination (Flavenus et non Flavinus). Un dernier groupe, d’une autre nature (deux fragments d’épitaphes et sept menus fragments), est enfin présenté. L’ensemble confirme la vitalité de la vie civique arlésienne et l’existence précoce d’une élite assez puissante et loyale pour accéder, dès les premières décennies de l’histoire de la colonie, aux ordres supérieurs de la société romaine

Signa et tituli

La spécialisation de plus en plus grande et le cloisonnement de nos domaines de recherche (histoire, histoire de l’art, archéologie...) conduisent le plus souvent à étudier et à publier séparément, malgré leur complémentarité, les sources épigraphiques et les sources iconographiques. Des salles de nos musées aux rayons de nos bibliothèques, documents sculptés et documents inscrits forment des ensembles "disjoints". Or, statuaire et épigraphie, signa et tituli, étaient dans l’Antiquité des éléments conçus ensemble, comme les deux volets d’un même message, indissociables dès la première formulation. Cette conjonction d’un texte et d’une image définit précisément le monumentum si caractéristique de la pratique commémorative romaine. Cet ouvrage, centré sur la question du monumentum romain, regroupe les communications présentées lors du colloque "Signa et tituli. Monuments et espaces de représentation en Gaule méridionale sous le regard croisé de la sculpture et de l’épigraphie" (Aix-en-Provence, 26-27 novembre 2009). À la suite d’une approche méthodologique, l’ouvrage propose une série d’études sur différents lieux de la société romaine où se croisent données iconographiques et épigraphiques : les espaces civiques de représentation, les espaces et monuments funéraires, les espaces de la religion

Intradermal influenza vaccination of healthy adults using a new microinjection system: a 3-year randomised controlled safety and immunogenicity trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Intradermal vaccination provides direct and potentially more efficient access to the immune system via specialised dendritic cells and draining lymphatic vessels. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety during 3 successive years of different dosages of a trivalent, inactivated, split-virion vaccine against seasonal influenza given intradermally using a microinjection system compared with an intramuscular control vaccine.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a randomised, partially blinded, controlled study, healthy volunteers (1150 aged 18 to 57 years at enrolment) received three annual vaccinations of intradermal or intramuscular vaccine. In Year 1, subjects were randomised to one of three groups: 3 μg or 6 μg haemagglutinin/strain/dose of inactivated influenza vaccine intradermally, or a licensed inactivated influenza vaccine intramuscularly containing 15 μg/strain/dose. In Year 2 subjects were randomised again to one of two groups: 9 μg/strain/dose intradermally or 15 μg intramuscularly. In Year 3 subjects were randomised a third time to one of two groups: 9 μg intradermally or 15 μg intramuscularly. Randomisation lists in Year 1 were stratified for site. Randomisation lists in Years 2 and 3 were stratified for site and by vaccine received in previous years to ensure the inclusion of a comparable number of subjects in a vaccine group at each centre each year. Immunogenicity was assessed 21 days after each vaccination. Safety was assessed throughout the study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In Years 2 and 3, 9 μg intradermal was comparably immunogenic to 15 μg intramuscular for all strains, and both vaccines met European requirements for annual licensing of influenza vaccines. The 3 μg and 6 μg intradermal formulations were less immunogenic than intramuscular 15 μg. Safety of the intradermal and intramuscular vaccinations was comparable in each year of the study. Injection site erythema and swelling was more common with the intradermal route.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>An influenza vaccine with 9 μg of haemagglutinin/strain given using an intradermal microinjection system showed comparable immunogenic and safety profiles to a licensed intramuscular vaccine, and presents a promising alternative to intramuscular vaccination for influenza for adults younger than 60 years.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00703651.</p

Typical and extreme weather datasets for studying the resilience of buildings to climate change and heatwaves

peer reviewedWe present unprecedented datasets of current and future projected weather files for building simulations in 15 major cities distributed across ten climate zones worldwide. The datasets include ambient air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, direct and diffuse solar irradiance, and wind speed at hourly resolution, which are essential climate elements needed to undertake building simulations. The datasets contain typical and extreme weather years in the EnergyPlus weather file (EPW) format and multiyear projections in comma-separated value (CSV) format for three periods: historical (2001-2020), future mid-term (2041-2060), and future long-term (2081-2100). The datasets were generated from projections of one regional climate model, which were bias-corrected using multiyear observational data for each city. The methodology used makes the datasets among the first to incorporate complex changes in the future climate for the frequency, duration, and magnitude of extreme temperatures. These datasets, created within the IEA EBC Annex 80 “Resilient Cooling for Buildings”, are ready to be used for different types of building adaptation and resilience studies to climate change and heatwaves.11. Sustainable cities and communitie

Assessing the building envelope performance during occupancy

In order to achieve carbon neutrality in the building field as expected by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, it is important to not only be able to calculate energy performance during design but also to be able to measure the actual energy performance of buildings during occupancy. However, there is currently no approved methodology for assessing the energy performance of the building envelope of an occupied building independently of its occupants, its systems and the climate. We applied a mathematical method to determine the heat loss coefficient (HLC) of the building envelope, from data collected in occupied buildings. The paper describes the in-situ measurement protocol and the mathematical models that contributes to address this challenge. Our methodology is demonstrated on a new semi-detached house, more insulated than the regulatory level, located in Brussels from a full year of monitoring data. For this case study, the results are promising. Indeed, some mathematical models show results of the same range value for the occupied insitu HLC and the reference HLC, obtained from in-situ measurements but without occupancy. However, more case studies should be evaluated, in order to validate the methodology

Les élites de la colonie et de l'Empire à Arles, au début du Principat : nouveaux témoignages épigraphiques

International audienc

Les élites de la colonie et de l'Empire à Arles, au début du Principat : nouveaux témoignages épigraphiques

International audienc