Agentes da cromoblastomicose : relação da melanina como fator de proteção e identificação das espécies usando espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier

Introdução: a cromoblastomicose (CBM) é uma micose subcutânea causada por fungos melanizados de vários gêneros. Alternativas para identificação das espécies causadoras de CBM utilizando Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) foi avaliada somente para o gênero Exophiala. Os testes de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos não foram realizados para algumas espécies de agentes da CBM, sendo importante essa determinação para auxiliar na escolha adequada do tratamento. Embora o conhecimento de que a melanina tenha ação contra radicais livres oxidantes, poucos estudos exploraram o tema e somente o gênero Fonsecaea foi avaliado, utilizando baixo número de isolados. Objetivo: propor identificação dos agentes da CBM por FTIR e avaliar o perfil das diferentes espécies na resposta aos antifúngicos. Além disso, quantificar a melanina e avaliar a influência da mesma na sobrevivência dos isolados após estresse oxidativo e na suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos. Métodos: foram utilizados até 78 isolados clínicos em cada experimento. Para FTIR, a aquisição dos espectros de 4000-650 nm foi realizada a partir de técnica proposta; O teste de suscetibilidade a seis antifúngicos e o ensaio de estresse oxidativo frente ao peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) foram realizados com os isolados pareados (com e sem inibidor de melanina - triciclazol); A melanina foi extraída pelo método álcali-ácida e quantificada por gravimetria. Resultados: o modelo proposto de identificação por FTIR teve alto coeficiente de determinação e baixo erro da linha de tendência e validação cruzada obtidas. Terbinafina foi o antifúngico que apresentou menores concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIMs) contra gêneros Fonsecaea, Phialophora e duas espécies de Rhinocladiella. Já anfotericina B e itraconazol apresentaram as CIMs mais elevadas. Além disso, outras diferenças entre gêneros e espécies foram observadas; gênero Rhinocladiella, quando a melanina não está inibida, mostrou maior sensibilidade ao estresse causado por H2O2 do que Phialophora e Fonsecaea, enquanto que os dois últimos foram os mais resistentes ao estresse oxidativo. Ao passo de que a quantidade de melanina extraída de Rhinocladiella foi significativamente menor do que Phialophora e Fonsecaea. Conclusão: Foi proposto um modelo que apresentou alta capacidade de classificar as 13 espécies de agentes causadores de CBM. A identificação e o teste de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos nas práticas clínicas são importantes para auxiliar no tratamento. Além disso, os estudos que avaliaram a relação com melanina, tanto quantificação, estresse oxidativo e relação com antifúngicos comprovam, em agentes da CBM, o fator protetor da melanina frente a agressões externas sofridas por determinados gêneros e espécies, agressões estas relacionadas ao ambiente e ao hospedeiro.Background: chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by melanized fungi of several genera. Alternative for species identification using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was evaluated only for the genus Exophiala. The testing of antifungal susceptibity was not evaluated for some species of CBM agents, and this determination is important to aid in the appropriate choice of treatment. Although the knowledge that melanin has an action against oxidative radicals, few studies have explored the subject and only the genus Fonsecaea has been evaluated, using a low number of isolates. Objective: to propose identification of the CBM agents by FTIR and to evaluate the profile of the different species in the response to antifungals. Furthermore, to quantify the melanin and to evaluate its influence in the survival of the isolates after oxidative stress and the susceptibility to the antifungals. Methods: up to 78 clinical isolates were used in each experiment. For FTIR, the acquisition of the 4000-650 nm spectra was performed using a proposed technique; The susceptibility test using six antifungal agents and the oxidative stress test using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were performed with the isolates in paired form (with and without melanin inhibitor - tricyclazole); The melanin was extracted by the alkali-acid method and quantified by gravimetry. Results: the proposed FTIR identification model had a high coefficient of determination and a low error of the trend line and cross-validation obtained. Terbinafine was the antifungal that presented smaller minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against genera Fonsecaea, Phialophora and two species of Rhinocladiella. While amphotericin B and itraconazole had the highest MICs. In addition, other differences between genera and species were observed; Genus Rhinocladiella, when melanin is not inhibited, showed greater sensitivity to stress caused by H2O2 than Phialophora and Fonsecaea, while the last two genera were the most resistant to oxidative stress. Moreover, the amount of melanin extracted from Rhinocladiella was significantly lower than Phialophora and Fonsecaea. Conclusion: a model that presented high capacity to classify the 13 species of CBM agents was proposed. Identification and testing of antifungal susceptibility in clinical settings are important to aid in treatment. Furthermore, the studies that evaluated the relationship with melanin, both quantification, oxidative stress and relation with antifungals demonstrate, in CBM agents, the protective factor of melanin against external aggressions of environmental and host suffered by certain genera and species

Prediction of itraconazole minimum inhibitory concentration for Fonsecaea pedrosoi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemometrics

Fonsecaea pedrosoi is one of the main agents of chromoblastomycosis, a chronic subcutaneous mycosis. Itraconazole (ITC) is the most used antifungal in its treatment, however, in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests are important to define the best therapy. These tests are standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), but these protocols have limitations such as the high complexity, cost and time to conduct. An alternative to in vitro susceptibility test, which overcomes these limitations, is FTIR. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of itraconazole for F. pedrosoi, using FTIR and chemometrics. The susceptibility to ITC of 36 strains of F. pedrosoi was determined according to CLSI and with the addition of tricyclazole (TCZ), to inhibit 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis. Strains were grown in Sabouraud agar and prepared for Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)/FTIR. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was performed using leave-one-out cross-validation (by steps of quintuplicates), then tested on an external validation set. A coefficient of determination (R²) higher than 0.99 was obtained for both the MIC-ITC and MIC-ITC+TCZ ATR/PLS models, confirming a high correlation of the reference values with the ones predicted using the FTIR spectra. This is the first study to propose the use of FTIR and chemometric analyses according to the M38-A2 CLSI protocol to predict ITC MICs of F. pedrosoi. Considering the limitations of the conventional methods to test in vitro susceptibility, this is a promising methodology to be used for other microorganisms and drugs

SIXTEEN YEARS OF DERMATOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY Candida spp. IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

The yeasts of the genus Candida infect skin, nails, and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal and the genitourinary tract. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dermatomycoses caused by Candida spp., and their etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective study with data obtained from tertiary hospital patients, from 1996 to 2011, was performed. The analyzed parameters were date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesions, and the direct examination results. For all the statistical analyses, a = 0.05 was considered. Among positive results in the direct mycological examination, 12.5% of the total of 4,815 cases were positive for Candida spp. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.7%/ year, showing a decrease over the years. The genus Candida was more prevalent in women (15.9% of women versus 5.84% of men), and in addition, women were older than men (54 versus 47 years old, respectively). There was no difference between ethnic groups. The nails were more affected than the skin, with 80.37% of the infections in the nails (72.9% in fingernails and 7.47% in toenails). Our study corroborates the literature regarding the preference for gender, age, and place of injury. Moreover, we found a decrease in infection over the studied period

Chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella similis : Case report

We report a case of chromoblastomycosis in lesions on the chest and foot. Itraconazole was chosen as the initial treatment for this patient, who was followed up for 8 months before becoming noncompliant. The pathogenic fungal species was identified as Rhinocladiella similis by ITS region sequencing. In vitro analyses indicate that the fungus was sensitive to posaconazole and itraconazole. This report presents R. similis as a new agent of chromoblastomycosis and raises the hypothesis that this species could be more resistant to some antifungals than R. aquaspersa

Onychomycosis caused by Arthrinium arundinis in leprosy patient : case report

We report a case of a 56-year-old Brazilian woman, with relapsing lepromatous leprosy, and onychomycosis caused by a non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi. The pathogenic fungi was identified as Arthrinium arundinis and treated with chemical abrasion of the nail with 40% urea and application of terbinafine cream. Onychomycosis caused by Arthrinium species is rare, and this is the second reported case

Influência de diferentes usos de solo do bioma Pampa, sul do Brasil, nas comunidades fúngicas

As atividades antropogênicas em qualquer ecossistema natural causam modificações que afetam o ambiente físico e biológico, gerando degradação. Da mesma forma, essas atividades podem causar modificações significativas nos fatores químicos e físicos do solo, impactando também a comunidade microbiológica. O estudo objetivou avaliar a influência de características bioquímicas e físico-químicas do solo sobre o desenvolvimento de comunidades fúngicas em diferentes solos do bioma Pampa. Os tipos de solo selecionados foram: área de floresta nativa, área de plantação de eucalipto e área de pastagem, em dois períodos distintos: quente e frio. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, físico-químicas e bioquímicas dos solos. Identificaram-se os seguintes gêneros e espécie de fungos: Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Geotrichum sp., Isaria sp., Penicillium sp., Scedosporiumsp., Trichoderma sp., Verticillium sp. Os resultados mostraram que a comunidade fúngica está sendo afetada pela composição das características do solo, independentemente das áreas amostradas. Aspergillus sp. está associado a maiores quantidades de manganês, boro e da relação Ca+Mg/K no solo, enquanto A. niger e Trichoderma sp. têm relação negativa com essas variáveis. Aspergillus sp. mostrou elevada capacidade de tolerância ao Mn. A área mais diversa foi a de pastagem no período quente, e a menos diversa foi a área de eucalipto no período frio. Os táxons analisados tiveram redução no período frio em relação ao período quente, com exceção de Aspergillus sp. na área de eucalipto, que apresentou maior quantidade em período frio em relação ao período quente. Pode-se constatar que a utilização do solo no bioma Pampa, para plantação de monoculturas ou para a geração de pastagens, interfere em suas características e afeta distintamente a comunidade fúngica

Antifungal activity of propolis against Fonsecaea pedrosoi, a chromoblastomycosis agent

Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi, being Fonsecaea pedrosoi the main etiologic agent in Brazil. Propolis is a resinous material collected by honeybees, with variable composition and pharmacological properties, including antifungal activity. The antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) obtained from different municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, against F. pedrosoi strains was assessed. The EEP showed MIC values between 625 and 2500 µg/mL and the best antifungal activity were obtained with the propolis collected in Santo Antônio da Patrulha and Candelária. All extracts showed the presence terpenoids with similar chromatographic behavior while flavonoids were abundant in the most active samples. The quantification of phenolic compounds demonstrated that there is no correlation between their concentration and antifungal activity. Thus, it can be concluded that the activity is linked to a qualitative chemical composition and not to the general amount of phenolic compoundsColegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire