A Study of Noise Pollution in Zarqa and Irbid, Jordan

Zarqa and Irbid, Jordan are two of the most populated cities. They are environmentally noise polluted due to the rapid and widespread introduction of mechanical methods for production of goods and equipment and for their transportation. L10, L50, L90 and LAeq noise levels were measured during the day time and night time to assess and evaluate the noise levels from mosques, schools, celebration halls, streets, construction and building works, industrial areas and commercial areas. This -coupled with a social survey- were conducted in the two cities to understand the physiological and psychological effect of noise on people, and to study the extent of annoyance on people. There is a significant correlation between the measured statistical noise levels L10, L50 and L90 and equivalent continuous noise level LAeq, and this correlation differs from Zarqa to Irbid due to the differences in noise levels that can be explained by the differences in the nature of traffic in these cities. The results of the investigation showed that the measured noise levels from all the selected sources were high during the day time and night time, and the noise problem is not only limited to day time, but continues in night time in these cities, and a sound at night may be more annoying than that heard during the day. And these noise levels were higher than those set by Jordanian limits during day time and night time. Also, the results indicated that Zarqa city is somehow noisier than Irbid city during both the day time and night time hours. The results of the social survey revealed that the exposure to high noise levels will affect the people in terms of annoyance depending mainly on the individuals, sleep disturbances, effect on the ability to work, loss of concentration, and will affect the health and cause hearing problems. Also, the results indicated that the gender type, age, educational level and employment state are directly related to their annoyance level and awareness about the noise problems

The effect of oil price shocks on the Saudi manufacturing sector

This paper aims to examine the effects of oil price shocks on the manufacturing sector in Saudi Arabia during the period 2002 – 2014, using quarterly data. A unit root test was conducted, in which the data were shown to be non-stationary in the level, and they became stationary in the first difference for all variables. The co-integration model was applied, and the results indicated that no co-integrating equation exists, which means that there is no long run effect of oil price shocks on the manufacturing sector. So, we estimate a Vector Auto Regressive model, the results of which implied that oil price shocks do not affect in the manufacturing sector in the short run, and it may have an effect on the manufacturing sector after 10 quarter according to the impulse response function

The Extent of Practicing Crisis Management by Jordanian Secondary School Principals in the Light of the Contemporary Educational Challenges

The present study aimed to explore the extent of practicing crisis management by Jordanian secondary school principals in the light of the contemporary educational challenges. The study’s population consists from the principals and teachers who at Jordanian secondary schools. The sample consists from 1000 principals and teachers who work at Amman. To meet the study’s goals, a descriptive approach was adopted.  It was found that the extent of practicing crisis management by Jordanian secondary school principals is moderate in the light of the contemporary educational challenges. It was found that practicing crisis management by Jordanian secondary school principals in the light of the contemporary educational challenges is highly significant. Therefore, it’s necessary to identify the contemporary educational challenges and the crisis derived from such challenges. The researchers suggested several recommendations. For instance, they recommend activating the role of crisis management in the light of the contemporary educational challenges. Keywords: crisis management, Jordanian secondary school principals, contemporary educational challenges DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-15-16 Publication date:May 31st 202

The pharmaceutical industry in Egypt.

This thesis is an assessment of the performance of the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry in the context of am international market for drugs which is dominated by the operation of multinational firms. Chapter I begins with an analysis of the determinants of demand for drugs, followed by a definition of terms and a classification of pharmaceutical products according to their therapeutic usage and the technical processes involved in their manufacture. Section 3 of Chapter 1 describes the structure of the international market for drugs, exploring the major factors responsible for a significant rate of concentration in the industry, an excessive amount of expenditure on innovations and promotion, and unreasonably high prices. Section 4 of Chapter I singles out the specific problems concerning devleloping countries in their acquisition of drugs and examines the arguments so far presented on the subject. Chapter II traces the development of the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry from its early start in a free enterprise environment and through the 1950s when government control gradually became total. Section 1 of Chapter III describes the changing pattern of supply of drugs by multinational firms in various markets. This is followed in Section 2 by a detailed analysis of the operation of multinational firms in Egypt, with special emphasis on their comparative gain from particular forms of investment. Section 3 of Chapter III identifies the costs and benefits derived by the Egyptian economy from the operation of multinational pharmaceutical firms, with a quantitative judgement of figures obtained for the two major kinds of foreign operations in Egypt: subsidiaries and license agreements. Chapter IV gives an assessment of the performance of the nationalised domestic sector of the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry over the period 1960 to 1970/71, using indices for production, value added and profits as basic indicators. The price structure for drugs is also examined for its influence on the profitability of domestic firms and on the production indices for the industry. In Section 3 of Chapter IV the policy of GOPCA, the centralised government body in control of the Egyptian market for drugs, is assessed for its influence on the present and future growth of the industry. Section 4 of Chapter IV is devoted to a close study of the problems which the industry has experienced with backward integration, as portrayed in the operation of the primary producing pharmaceutical chemicals plant, El Nasr. Chapter V summarises the results of this study

ANTECEDENTS FACTORS AFFECTING CYBERBULLYING RISKS: A STUDY IN JORDANIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Purpose of the study: In this study, the primary aim is to identify the effects of self-efficacy and cyber bullying knowledge on cyber bullying risks among Jordanian students. Methodology: The population of the study specifically comprised of Jordanian students in Irbid students, with the study sample being 153 students. Accordingly, a questionnaire was developed and disseminated among the students to gather data for the achievement of the study objectives. The study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study also employed AMOS 23.0 and SPSS 25.0 software in SEM. Main Findings: self-efficacy and cyber bullying knowledge factors do have significant effects on cyber bullying risks. Applications of this study: This research can be used for academic purposes for universities, lecturers of education and management, researchers and undergraduate and postgraduate students. Novelty/Originality of this study: The phenomenon that existed in cyber bullying and referring from various previous research results, the study regarding the cyber bullying was conducted and presented comprehensively and completely. It is necessary examine the effect of self-efficacy and cyber bullying knowledge factors on cyber bullying risks

Management of postpartum haemorrhage reduction by the effective practices in the scope of midwife: a review

Increasing interest in the quality of healthcare has led to the focus of the maternal mortality and morbidity rate reduction. Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. This death could be from any cause related to pregnancy or its management. The primary Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) has occupied the highest factor leading to maternal mortality. PPH is the bleeding from the genital tract of 500 ml or more in the first 24 hours following the delivery of the baby. It is also significant to highlight that international medical studies have found that 69% of maternal deaths are avoidable. There is growing agreement among public health professionals that midwifery has an important contribution to provide high-quality maternal and new-born infant care. Poor quality leads to acute and chronic clinical and psychological morbidity. Therefore, new knowledge is needed to eliminate avoidable maternal and new-born mortality and morbidity. Consequently the objective of this study is to provide a review of the PPH causes and investigate and identify the role of skilled midwife in the PPH reduction. Specifically to identify extent level of breast feeding, skin to skin contact and active management of the third stage of labour on PPH. The contents of this paper provide ready-to-refer and ready-to-use information for the researchers working in the field PPH and midwife related practices

Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution using low temperature biochar derived from the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste

Includes graphical abstract.Sustainable methods to produce filter materials are needed to remove a variety of pollutants found in water including organic compounds, heavy metals, and other harmful inorganic and biological contaminants. This study focuses on the removal of Cu(II) from copper aqueous solutions using non-activated char derived from the pyrolysis of mixed municipal discarded materials (MMDM) using a new heat pipe-based pyrolysis reactor. Adsorption experiments were conducted by adding the char to copper solutions of varying concentration (50–250 mg/L) at a constant temperature of 30 °C. The effect of pH on copper adsorption onto the char was also investigated in the range of pH 3 to 6. Copper removal using the char was found to be heavily dependent on pH, adsorption was observed to decrease below a pH of 4.5. However, the initial copper concentration had a little effect on the sorption of copper at high concentration solutions (above 100 mg/L). Overall, the biochar showed an effective copper adsorption capacity (4–5 mg/g) when using copper solutions with a concentration below100 mg/L and pH >4.5. Copper removal using the char tended to follow the pseudo second order kinetic model. Langmuir isothermal model was shown to be the closest fitting isotherm using the linearized Langmuir equation. However, the variety of feedstock used to produce the char led to a variation in results compared to other studies of more specific feedstocks.The reported work was funded by EPSRC under Grant 1956470

Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks

Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty

Enhancement of the fruit quality and postharvest life expectancy of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) applying ecofriendly bio-coatings

The higher losses of fruits and vegetables during post-harvest handling are a serious matter for any country whose economy is based on agriculture. The products of this plant are a significant source of horticultural produce storage used for the control of different post-harvest losses, which include diseases as well as microorganisms. Bio-coatings may be used as a better alternative to the synthetic chemicals. The impact of edible coating on the quality and storage life of mango (cv. ‘Anwar Rataul’) fruit was investigated by harvesting the fruits at a firm green stage of physiological maturity and coating them with corn oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, soya bean oil, and animal fat. The uncoated and coated fruits were stored at 25 °C and the relative humidity (RH) was 75%. The fruits were analyzed for physicochemical quality attributes during storage at 0 (harvest time), 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days. The data showed that most of the parameters were affected significantly by the materials of coating and storage intervals (P ≤ 0.05). The fruits coated with animal fat had significantly superior fruit color, taste, aroma, firmness, total sugar content, and acidity of fruit juice, total soluble solids, and ascorbic acid content, as well as delayed ripening. Animal fat-coated fruits retained titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content (mg.100g-1) and fruit firmness (kg.cm-2) with minimal disease incidence, and weight loss (%), whereas uncoated fruits did not retain all quality attributes and deteriorated after 20 days of storage. In conclusion, mango fruits could be coated with animal fat and stored for up to 25 days without deterioration in quality