The Mississippi Plan : Dunbar Rowland and the Creation of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History

The establishment of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) was a cultural milestone for a state that some regarded as backward in the latter decades of the twentieth century. Alabama and Mississippi emerged as pioneers in the founding of state archives in 1901 and 1902 respectively, representing a growing awareness of the importance of preserving historical records. American historians trained in Germany had recently introduced the United States to the application of scientific method to history. The method involved careful inspection of primary documents and writings to produce objective answers to large historical questions

Maintaining Indiana\u27s Urban Green Spaces: A Report from the Indiana Climate Change Impacts Assessment

Cities use green infrastructure, including forests, community gardens, lawns and prairies, to improve the quality of life for residents, promote sustainability and mitigate the effects of climate change. These and other kinds of green spaces can decrease energy consumption, increase carbon storage and improve water quality, among other benefits. More than 70 percent of Hoosiers reside in urban settings, and green infrastructure can provide significant economic advantages. In Indianapolis, for example, urban forests provide a $10 million annual benefit through stormwater control, carbon sequestration, energy reduction and air pollution filtration. However, just like human-built infrastructure, urban green infrastructure will be subject to the impacts of a changing climate, and its management must be considered as Indiana gets warmer and precipitation patterns change. This report from the Indiana Climate Change Impacts Assessment (IN CCIA) applies climate projections for the state to explore the potential threats to urban green infrastructure, and considers potential management implications and opportunities

Implications of climate change for managing urban green infrastructure in Indiana

Urban areas around the world are increasingly investing in networks of urban forests, gardens, and other forms of green infrastructure for its many benefits, including enhanced livability, sustainability, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Proactive planning for climate change requires anticipating potential climate change impacts to green infrastructure and adjusting management strategies accordingly. We apply climate change projections for Indiana to assess the possible impacts of climate change on common forms of urban green infrastructure, and identify management implications. Projected changes in Indiana’s temperature and precipitation could pose numerous management challenges for managing urban green infrastructure, including water stress; pests, weeds, disease and invasive species; flooding; frost risk; and timing of maintenance. Meeting these challenges will involve managing for key characteristics of resilient systems (e.g. biodiversity, redundancy) as well as more specific strategies addressing particular climate changes (e.g. shifting species compositions, building soil water holding capacity). Climate change also presents opportunities to promote urban green infrastructure. Unlike human built infrastructure, green infrastructure is conducive to grassroots stewardship and governance, relieving climate change-related strains on municipal budgets. Many online resources for adapting urban green infrastructure to climate change are already available, and emerging research will enhance understanding of best management practices

Transcriptomic Analysis of Toxoplasma Development Reveals Many Novel Functions and Structures Specific to Sporozoites and Oocysts

Sexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii occurs exclusively within enterocytes of the definitive felid host. The resulting immature oocysts are excreted into the environment during defecation, where in the days following, they undergo a complex developmental process. Within each oocyst, this culminates in the generation of two sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites. A single felid host is capable of shedding millions of oocysts, which can survive for years in the environment, are resistant to most methods of microbial inactivation during water-treatment and are capable of producing infection in warm-blooded hosts at doses as low as 1–10 ingested oocysts. Despite its extremely interesting developmental biology and crucial role in initiating an infection, almost nothing is known about the oocyst stage beyond morphological descriptions. Here, we present a complete transcriptomic analysis of the oocyst from beginning to end of its development. In addition, and to identify genes whose expression is unique to this developmental form, we compared the transcriptomes of developing oocysts with those of in vitro-derived tachyzoites and in vivo-derived bradyzoites. Our results reveal many genes whose expression is specifically up- or down-regulated in different developmental stages, including many genes that are likely critical to oocyst development, wall formation, resistance to environmental destruction and sporozoite infectivity. Of special note is the up-regulation of genes that appear “off” in tachyzoites and bradyzoites but that encode homologues of proteins known to serve key functions in those asexual stages, including a novel pairing of sporozoite-specific paralogues of AMA1 and RON2, two proteins that have recently been shown to form a crucial bridge during tachyzoite invasion of host cells. This work provides the first in-depth insight into the development and functioning of one of the most important but least studied stages in the Toxoplasma life cycle

Human neural crest cells display molecular and phenotypic hallmarks of stem cells

The fields of both developmental and stem cell biology explore how functionally distinct cell types arise from a self-renewing founder population. Multipotent, proliferative human neural crest cells (hNCC) develop toward the end of the first month of pregnancy. It is assumed that most differentiate after migrating throughout the organism, although in animal models neural crest stem cells reportedly persist in postnatal tissues. Molecular pathways leading over time from an invasive mesenchyme to differentiated progeny such as the dorsal root ganglion, the maxillary bone or the adrenal medulla are altered in many congenital diseases. To identify additional components of such pathways, we derived and maintained self-renewing hNCC lines from pharyngulas. We show that, unlike their animal counterparts, hNCC are able to self-renew ex vivo under feeder-free conditions. While cross species comparisons showed extensive overlap between human, mouse and avian NCC transcriptomes, some molecular cascades are only active in the human cells, correlating with phenotypic differences. Furthermore, we found that the global hNCC molecular profile is highly similar to that of pluripotent embryonic stem cells when compared with other stem cell populations or hNCC derivatives. The pluripotency markers NANOG, POU5F1 and SOX2 are also expressed by hNCC, and a small subset of transcripts can unambiguously identify hNCC among other cell types. The hNCC molecular profile is thus both unique and globally characteristic of uncommitted stem cells

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Providing an Incentive: Developing Publishing Services for Researchers

Presented at the International PKP Scholarly Publishing Conference 2009, July 9, 2009, Vancouver, Canada.Georgia Tech Library introduced its SMARTech institutional repository in 2004 as a trusted repository for archiving the intellectual output of campus. The substantial size of the repository – at over 23,000 items - is due partly to the recent expansion of our program to include publishing services, to an increase in marketing efforts, and to an emphasis on developing more substantial partnerships with individual faculty and academic service units. The EPAGE@Tech publishing program was first launched in 2006 to provide technical support for researchers’ publishing endeavors; services include lecture recording, open access journal support, and conference proceedings support. Both the repository and publishing services utilize existing open source tools such as DSpace for repositories, Open Journal System (OJS) software for journal publishing, and Open Conference System (OCS) software for producing conference proceedings. EPAGE@Tech offers GT researchers the digital tools they need to connect with peers at various points in the scholarly communication cycle, in addition to the service we offer to archive the final product of their collaborations. Our experience has shown that the repository and publishing services have a greater chance of success if marketed effectively. Within the library, our marketing efforts focus on the library staff with the closest connection to faculty members – the subject liaison librarians. The growing number of faculty and academic departments we’ve become involved with is largely due to their achievements promoting our digital services. The programs we organize on scholarly communication topics, as well as the subject liaisons’ promotion activities, are successfully expanding our outreach to faculty on scholarly communication issues and the marketing of our digital services. Outside of the library, we’re partnering with Georgia Tech’s Distance Learning and Professional Education department to host OCS for their clients, and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program to host OJS for the campus student research journal. We also recently completed an extensive customization of an open access journal we’re producing, based on feedback from the editorial board. The customization involved a complete redesign of the smarty templates and the CSS. We also created new plug-ins and modified existing ones to add additional functionality. Our relationship with the faculty editor serves as a model for us in terms of successful library/faculty collaborations and the importance of tailoring your service to meet the needs of local scholars. We’ll focus in this presentation on lessons learned from our partnerships, marketing efforts, and experience customizing and branding an OJS interface, as well as the technical and workflow issues involved in archiving and disseminating in SMARTech the research output produced through EPAGE@Tech

Human neural tube defects: developmental biology, epidemiology, and genetics

Abstract Birth defects (congenital anomalies) are the leading cause of death in babies under 1 year of age. Neural tube defects (NTD), with a birth incidence of approximately 1/1000 in American Caucasians, are the second most common type of birth defect after congenital heart defects. The most common presentations of NTD are spina bifida and anencephaly. The etiologies of NTDs are complex, with both genetic and environmental factors implicated. In this manuscript, we review the evidence for genetic etiology and for environmental influences, and we present current views on the developmental processes involved in human neural tube closure