LCX: Proposal for a low-cost commercial transport

The LCX has been developed in response to a request for proposal for an aircraft with 153 passenger capacity and a range of 3000 nautical miles. The goals of the LCX are to provide an aircraft which will achieve the stated mission requirements at the lowest cost possible, both for the manufacturer and the operator. Low cost in this request is defined as short and long term profitability. To achieve this objective, modern technologies attributing to low-cost operation without greatly increasing the cost of manufacturing were employed. These technologies include hybrid laminar flow control and the use of developing new manufacturing processes and philosophies. The LCX will provide a competitive alternative to the use of the Airbus A319/320/321 and the Boeing 737 series of aircraft. The LCX has a maximum weight of 150,000 lb. carried by a wing of 1140 ft(exp 2) and an aspect ratio of 10. The selling price of the LCX is 31 million in 1994 US dollars

PENINGKATAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STRUCTURE NUMBERED HEADS PADA MATA PELAJARAN GEOGRAFI

Pembelajaran pada kurikulum 2013 mengedepankan peran peserta didik yang lebih dominan. Peserta didik akan lebih aktif jika memiliki motivasi dalam belajar. Hal tersebut akan menjadikan materi-materi pembelajaran yang diberikan lebih mudah ditangkap dan dipahami oleh peserta didik. Berdasarkan observasi yang dilakukan di kelas penelitian melihat proses pembelajaran dan dari keterangan guru geografi, didapatkan bahwa motivasi belajar para peserta didik masih kurang. Berdasarkan judul tersebut penelitian ini mengkaji motivasi belajar peserta didik yang dilakukan di kelas XI IIS B SMAN 5 Bandung. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada saat kegiatan pembelajaran masih banyak siswa yang tidak memperhatikan pelajaran dengan baik, bermain hp, mendengarkan musik dengan earphone, dan mengobrol. Ini mengindikasikan bahwa kondisi pembelajaran menyenangkan harus diterapkan sehingga menarik motivasi belajar para peseta didik. Dan salah satu metode yang memungkinkan untuk menciptakan situasi belajar yang kondusif adalah model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Structure Numbered Heads. Metode ini dianggap cocok karena mengutamakan kerjasama kelompok dalam menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik dengan menggunakan metode pembelajaran Structure Numbered Heads. 2) Mendeskripsikan peningkatan motivasi belajar peserta didik melalui metode pembelajaran Structure Numbered Heads. 3) Mengetahui kendala-kendala apa saja yang muncul ketika menerapkan metode Structure Numbered Heads. Metode yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang mengacu pada model yang dikembangkan oleh Kemmis dan Taggart, penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus, satu siklus dilakukan sebanyak dua tindakan maka keseluruhan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini dilakukan sebanyak 4 tindakan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran yang dilakukan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Structure Numbered Heads dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari poin-poin dari lembar observasi motivasi belajar peserta didik dari tiap tindakan yang meningkat persentase tiap tindakan. Tindakan pertama menunjukkan kategori “rendah”, tindakan kedua menunjukkan kategori “cukup”, tindakan kategori “baik” dan tindakan keempat dengan kategori “baik”. Peningkatan yang terjadi tak lepas dari penggunaan metode Structure Numebred Heads yang dipadukan dengan beberapa teknik pembelajaran. Learning in 2013 curriculum emphasizes the role of the learner is more dominant. Learners will be more active if you have the motivation to learn. This will make the learning materials are given more easily captured and understood by learners. Based on observations made in class to see the process of learning and study of geography teacher information, it was found that the learners' learning motivation is still lacking. Based on the title of this study examines the motivation of learners who performed in class XI IIS B SMAN 5 Bandung. It can be seen at the time of learning activities are still many students who do not heed the lessons well, playing phone, listening to music with earphones, and chat. This indicates that fun learning conditions should be applied so that attract students motivation to learn the peseta. And one of the methods which allow to create a conducive learning situation is a cooperative learning model Numbered Heads Structure. This method is considered suitable for prioritizing teamwork in solving a problem in learning activities. The aim of this study were: 1) Improve the motivation of learners with learning methods Structure Numbered Heads. 2) Describe the increased motivation of learners through learning methods Structure Numbered Heads. 3) Knowing what are the constraints that arise when applying the method of Structure Numbered Heads. The method used is the Classroom Action Research (CAR), which refers to the model developed by Kemmis and Taggart, the study was conducted in two cycles, one cycle of the actions carried out by two whole classroom action research was conducted by 4 action. Data was collected through observation and documentation. The results showed that the learning is done by cooperative learning model Numbered Heads Structure can increase the motivation of learners. It can be seen from the points of observation sheet learners' learning motivation of each action that increases the percentage of each action. The first act shows the category of "low", the second act shows the category of "pretty", the action category of "good" and the fourth act of the "good" category. The increase was not separated from the use of Structure Numebred Heads, combined with some learning techniques

Frequency of OBI among patients with autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is recognized as a serious disease in which the body's immune system attacks liver cells so untreated patients may consequently suffer from liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure. The role of viral infection may be involved in AIH. Presence of anti-HBc alone is a predictive signal of potential OBI. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the rate OBI among the patients with AIH. Methods: The sera of 20 consecutive patients with AIH were collected and tested for LFT (ALT, AST, ALP elevation), Immunoglobulin (IgG) level, bilirubin, anti-LKM-1, ASMA, ANA in titer, HBsAg, HBcIgG. The patients' sera were also tested for HBV DNA by nested PCR and Real-time PCR. Results: Out of 20 patients, 10 (50) were males and 10 (50) females. The patients' ages ranged from 25 to 71 years with the mean age of 44.5±13.4. All patients' had elevated abnormal ALT and AST but their level of alkaline phosphatase was normal among the patients. All patients had IgG level>1.5 times upper than the normal limit. The patients' sera were negative for HBsAg and HBV DNA (by nested PCR and real-time PCR). Only 2 (10) females with AHI type 1 (positive ANA, ASMA in titers >1:100 were positive for HBcIgG while no OBI detection was found among the males (p=0.005). All diagnosis of the AHI was confirmed by pathologist. The level of ALT, AST among the cases with positive and negative OBI were (p=0.000) and (p=0.003), respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, two OBI female patients with type 1 AIH were positive for anti-HBc but negative for HBsAg and HBV DNA. With regard to the consequences of OBI, prior to prophylactic treatment, it is recommended to screen HBV markers including anti-HBc in all diagnosed patients with AIH. © 2020 Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention

Effects of long-term low-dose oxygen supplementation on the epithelial function, collagen metabolism and interstitial fibrogenesis in the guinea pig lung

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The patient population receiving long-term oxygen therapy has increased with the rising morbidity of COPD. Although high-dose oxygen induces pulmonary edema and interstitial fibrosis, potential lung injury caused by long-term exposure to low-dose oxygen has not been fully analyzed. This study was designed to clarify the effects of long-term low-dose oxygen inhalation on pulmonary epithelial function, edema formation, collagen metabolism, and alveolar fibrosis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Guinea pigs (n = 159) were exposed to either 21% or 40% oxygen for a maximum of 16 weeks, and to 90% oxygen for a maximum of 120 hours. Clearance of inhaled technetium-labeled diethylene triamine pentaacetate (Tc-DTPA) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid-to-serum ratio (BAL/Serum) of albumin (ALB) were used as markers of epithelial permeability. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) was measured to evaluate pulmonary edema, and types I and III collagenolytic activities and hydroxyproline content in the lung were analyzed as indices of collagen metabolism. Pulmonary fibrotic state was evaluated by histological quantification of fibrous tissue area stained with aniline blue.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The clearance of Tc-DTPA was higher with 2 week exposure to 40% oxygen, while BAL/Serum Alb and W/D did not differ between the 40% and 21% groups. In the 40% oxygen group, type I collagenolytic activities at 2 and 4 weeks and type III collagenolytic activity at 2 weeks were increased. Hydroxyproline and fibrous tissue area were also increased at 2 weeks. No discernible injury was histologically observed in the 40% group, while progressive alveolar damage was observed in the 90% group.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that epithelial function is damaged, collagen metabolism is affected, and both breakdown of collagen fibrils and fibrogenesis are transiently induced even with low-dose 40% oxygen exposure. However, these changes are successfully compensated even with continuous exposure to low-dose oxygen. We conclude that long-term low-dose oxygen exposure does not significantly induce permanent lung injury in guinea pigs.</p