Quotation as an Autonomous Concept of EU Copyright Law and Its Compatibility with Online Content-Sharing Services

This thesis argues that ’’quotation’’ is an autonomous concept of EU law and presents rigorous, in-depth analysis of the quotation copyright exception in article 5(3)(d) of the Information Society Directive. It examines not only the term ’’quotation’’, but also the conditions, the terms, and the expressions used in article 5(3)(d). Furthermore, the thesis evaluates the quotation exception’s compatibility with online content-sharing services as they are understood in article 17 of the Digital Single Market directive. The goal is to identify any short-comings that the quotation exception might have in relation to the user-generated content typically encountered in these services. The thesis uses the analytical legal dogmatic method of research. The thesis finds that the concept of ’’quotation’’ in EU law evidently covers all types of works, such as literary, musical and photographic works. It can also be lawful to quote works in their entirety, not just short extracts from works. The quotation exception is also welcoming of new methods of quotation made possible by technology, such as hyperlinking. Still, the thesis concludes that the quotation exception’s compatibility with online content-sharing services is troublesome. The requirement of ’’dialogue’’ between the quoting and the quoted work may disqualify certain categories of works. Uncertainty around the requirement of indicating the author’s name may also hinder creativity. The quotation exception as it stands may restrain the proper functioning of the internal market and stifle with stimulation of creativity and innovation in the digital age

Microscopic nature of drastic influence of hydrogen on the magnetic anisotropy of 5f-electron systems: The case of U₂Ni₂Sn

Recent experiments showed that hydrogenation of U2Ni2Sn leads to a dramatic change of the magnetic anisotropy (MA) from strongly uniaxial type to easy-plane type with easy axis and easy plane orthogonal to each other. We applied first-principles calculations aiming to understand the microscopic origin of the drastic MA change and distinguish between discontinuous and continuous scenarios of the transformation. The calculations combined with symmetry analysis revealed that the hydrogenation leads to the instability of both uniaxial and easy-plane states caused by the reduced symmetry of the atomic lattice. The obtained noncollinear noncoplanar magnetic states have the features of both apparently competing magnetic structures, which indicates the validity of the continuous scenario of the transformation. An insight into the active interatomic interactions shows that Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction contributes to magnetic transformations and must be taken into account on the same footing as MA

Electronic structure and spectral properties of Am, Cm and Bk: Charge density self-consistent LDA+HIA calculations in FP-LAPW basis

We provide a straightforward and numerically efficient procedure to perform local density approximation + Hubbard I (LDA+HIA) calculations, including self-consistency over the charge density, within the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. This implementation is all-electron, includes spin-orbit interaction, and makes no shape approximations for the charge density. The method is applied to calculate selected heavy actinides in the paramagnetic phase. The electronic structure and spectral properties of Am and Cm metals obtained are in agreement with previous dynamical mean-field theory (LDA+DMFT) calculations and with available experimental data. We point out that the charge density self-consistent LDA+HIA calculations predict the $f$ charge on Bk to exceed the atomic integer $f^8$ value by 0.22.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

Bukit Choras Archaeological Complex: Geophysical And Geo-Archaeological Analysis

Ancient Kedah is a collection of several riverine and coastal settlements which flourished as the foci for international trade and industry between the 2nd to the 14th Century C.E. The Bukit Choras Archaeological Complex is one of the very few well-preserved archaeological findings related to the cultural and economic development of Ancient Kedah. Previous studies had revealed two structural remains made of laterite bricks, two ancient water tanks, as well as other artefacts such as potsherds, Buddhist inscription and corroded iron nails. This research attempts to answer questions regarding the layout, building material and palaeo-environment of the site. In this study, geophysical studies were carried out in Bukit Choras in order to map the surface remains and to determine the potential for buried remains. Detailed contour mapping as well as the magnetic, resistivity and ground penetrating radar methods were done around the main structure and the ancient water tank

Resistivity of non-Fermi liquid U2Pt2In under pressure

Non-Fermi liquid behaviour in single-crystalline U2Pt2In has been studied by means of resistivity experiments (I||c) under hydrostatic pressure (P<1.5 GPa). At ambient pressure the resistivity rho(T) follows a power law rho~T^alpha with alpha~0.5. Upon applying pressure alpha increases. For P>1 GPa a minimum develops in rho(T). A study of the field dependence of the minimum confirms its magnetic origin. The ratio c/a is proposed as the effective control parameter, rather than the unit cell volume.Comment: 5 pages (incl. 2 figures), submitted to SCES'99, Nagan

Coulomb-U and magnetic moment collapse in δ\delta-Pu

The around-the-mean-field version of the LDA+U method is applied to investigate electron correlation effects in $\delta$-Pu. It yields a non-magnetic ground state of $\delta-$Pu, and provides a good agreement with experimental equilibrium volume, bulk modulus and explains important features of the photoelectron spectra

Dynamical mean-field theory of photoemission spectra of actinide compounds

A model of photoemission spectra of actinide compounds is presented. The complete multiplet spectrum of a single ion is calculated by exact diagonalization of the two-body Hamiltonian of the f^n shell. A coupling to auxiliary fermion states models the interaction with a conduction sea. The ensuing self-energy function is combined with a band Hamiltonian of the compound, calculated in the local-density approximation, to produce a solid state Green's function. The theory is applied to PuSe and elemental Am. For PuSe a sharp resonance at the Fermi level arises from mixed valent behavior, while several features at larger binding energies can be identified with quantum numbers of the atomic system. For Am the ground state is dominated by the |f^6;J=0> singlet but the strong coupling to the conduction electrons mixes in a significant amount of f^7 character.Comment: Solid State Communications, in press; 4 pages 4 figure