A study on the functional properties of taro starches from Tonga : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Food Technology at Massey University

This study compared the functional properties of three taro starches extracted from selected cultivars, one from each of the three most commonly grown taro genera in Tonga. The selected cultivars were Alocasia macrorrhiza var 'Fohenga', Colocasia esculenta var 'Lau'ila', and Xanthosoma saggitifolium var 'Mahele'uli'. Cassava starch, a commercial product from Thailand, was studied together with the taro starches for comparison purposes. Freshly harvested taro corms/cormels were peeled, washed, ground into pulp. The taro pulp was washed with excess water and filtered with a cheese cloth. The solid pulp was discarded, and the water-starch mixture (starch milk) was collected in a settling tank. The starch was held for 10-24 hours to allow the starch to settle, and then the supernatant liquid was discarded. The Xanthosoma starch was successfully isolated using this method. For the Alocasia and Colocasia, the starch could not be isolated from the starch milk due to the presence of a mucilaginous material, and it was separated using a bowl centrifuge. The starches were dried, in a hot-air drier and then purified to remove trace of protein, fat, and fibre. All the taro starch granules were similarly polygonal in shape but the granule sizes were different. The Xanthosoma starch granule size (5-30μm) was similar to that of cassava starch granules (5-35μm). The granule sizes of Alocasia (0.5-3μm) and Colocasia (0.5-6μm) were very small, smaller than rice starch granules. The amylose contents, determined using an iodometric blue value colorimetry method, were 12.1, 13.6, 19.8, and 27.4% for Alocasia, Colocasia, cassava, and Xanthosoma starches respectively. The gelatinization temperatures for the starches were determined using sensory evaluation, hot stage microscopy, Brabender Amylograph, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) methods. The gelatinization temperatures were approximately 69, 70, 75 and 80°C for cassava, Alocasia, Xanthosoma and Colocasia starches respectively. The gelatinization temperature ranges for Xanthosoma and Colocasia were similar to that of cassava starch, but Alocasia starch showed relatively wider temperature range. The viscosity of the Xanthosoma gelatinized starch paste was much higher than the other starches but showed greater breakdown on heating. The strengths of the starch gels were determined by measuring the rheological modulus G* of the gels using a Bohlin Rheometer, and the penetration strength test using an Instron. Both tests showed that the Xanthosoma starch produced a much stronger and higher viscosity gel than all of the cassava, Alocasia and Colocasia starches which produced gels with similar strength. The relative order of gel clarity from qualitative sensory evaluation, from highest to poorest clarity, was cassava, Xanthosoma, Colocasia, then Alocasia. The storage stability of the starch gels was evaluated by studying the crystallisation using DSC, and measuring the syneresis occurring during storage at 5 and 22°C. The Xanthosoma starch gel was extremely susceptible to crystallisation and syneresis during storage, compared with cassava, Colocasia, and Alocasia gels which had similar stabilities on storage. The freeze-thaw stability of the starch gels was studied by subjecting the starch gels to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The Xanthosoma starch gel was extremely unstable with freeze-thaw treatment. The Alocasia and Colocasia starch gels were similar to cassava starch gel which was more stable with freeze-thaw treatment. The Xanthosoma starch, because of extremely high viscosity and gel strength, could be used in food products that need high viscous texture but require no further storage. The Colocasia and Alocasia starches, because of high digestibility due to very small granule sizes can be used in baby food formulations, which are either heat treated or frozen

PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS SQ3R DAN WEB PADA MATERI SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS, MOTIVASI, DAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK DI MAS JEUMALA AMAL LUENG PUTU PIDIE JAYA

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengembangan perangkatpembelajaran berbasis SQ3R dan web pada materi sistem pertahanan tubuh danpengaruhnya terhadap peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis, motivasi belajar,dan hasil belajar peserta didik pada materi sistem pertahanan tubuh di kelas XIMAS Jeumala Amal Pidie Jaya. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada semester genaptahun pelajaran 2015-2016. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalahmetode quasi eksperimen dengan pendekatan bersifat kualitatif dan kuantitatif.Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 4 kelas yang terdiri dari 2 kelas laki-laki yaitu IPA 1yang berjumlah 30 peserta didik sebagai kontrol dan IPA 3 yang berjumlah 30peserta didik sebagai kelas eksperimen dan 2 kelas wanita yaitu IPA 4 yangberjumlah 30 peserta didik sebagai kontrol dan IPA 6 yang berjumlah 30 pesertadidik sebagai eksperimen. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitusoal berbentuk uraian untuk melihat kemampuan berpikir kritis, angket motivasiuntuk melihat motivasi peserta didik, dan juga dan soal pilihan ganda untukmenilai hasil belajar peserta didik. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallisdengan bantuan SPSS 17.0 For Windows pada taraf signifikan 0,05. Hasil uji tmenunjukkan bahwa P-value < batas kritis yaitu untuk kemampuan berpikir kritis0,00

Институциональные условия усиления внедрения инвестиций интенсивного типа

Большое значение в процессе повышения эффективности общественного воспроизводства на основе усиления внедрения инноваций и инвестиций интенсивного типа имеет создание оптимальных институциональных условий и предпосылок. В этой связи в работе исследуются факторы формирования оптимальной институциональной среды как основы интенсификации российской экономики.Велике значення у процесі підвищення ефективності суспільного відтворення на основі посилення впровадження інновацій та інвестицій інтенсивного типу має створення оптимальних інституційних умов і передумов. У зв'язку із цим у роботі досліджуються чинники формування оптимального інституційного середовища як основи інтенсифікації російської економіки.Creation of optimal institutional conditions and preconditions is of great importance in the process of increasing the efficiency of public reproduction on the basis of strengthening the introduction of innovations and investments of intensive type. In this respect the factors of formation of optimal institutional environment as the bases for intensification of the Russian economy are analyzed

Pacific Christianity and People Solidarity

Greetings from the Pacific. I understand that this consultation is the first of its kind in the United States about the African Churches. I consider myself fortunate to participate with you in this consultation. It seems that we represent both extremes — Africa the big continent, and the Pacific the big ocean. You have a large population and wealth in Africa, but we of the Church in Tonga have more square miles of water than most of the people who live in the Pacific area. The contrasts are varied and innumerable, and from the analogical point of view we share many similarities and differences, and I hope that you will put the Pacific on your map, and we will do the same for you. We both are in the Third World category. We both are among the “receiving” churches, and although Christianity has been for many years in our areas, we both are still called the “Younger Churches.” We both belong to the oppressed and the voiceless. When the foreign powers established the Colonial Offices in London and Paris, the European was the colonist and we became the colonized

Koe feliuliuaki ‘o e ‘ea: Ko ha palopalema nai eni? Understanding climate change in Tonga

Tonga is highly vulnerable to the deleterious impacts of climate change reflecting its geographical, geological and socio-economic characteristics. These impacts have the potential to be a calamity for the environment and the people of Tonga and their livelihoods. Tonga is the first country in the Pacific Islands region to have established a Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management. The primary goal of this plan is to ensure that the communities establish adaptation and mitigation measures to address the impact of climate change. A considerable burden is placed upon the people of Tonga, their knowledge and their understanding of this issue. Literature indicates that the knowledge about climate change should be distributed equally at all levels to enhance effective and successful coping mechanisms for its impacts. This research was conducted on Tongatapu Island, one of the islands in Tonga that is extremely susceptible to the impacts of climate change. The participants were selected from different locations including coastal villages that are prone to the impacts of climate change as well as less hazard prone areas. The aim of this research is to unearth the existing knowledge of the people about the issue, their views on the impacts of climate change, and adaptation options they plan to implement in order to reduce the effects of climate change. Understanding of climate change issues varies for a number of reasons. Those who design national policies on climate change may view climate change from a scientific perspective that would be different from how rural villagers might consider the issue. This research uses the social constructionism approach to identify how this knowledge is constructed and what strategies might be implemented to address the knowledge deficit of the locals

Kompetensi Guru: Metode Praktik dalam Pembelajaran IPA

This study aims to determine the science teacher of elementary school perceptions in learning science with practical methods. Research carried out by the method blending, mixing qualitative and quantitative. The subjects of the study were Science Teacher and head of MIN (elementary school) Aceh Jaya District. The instrument used was in the form of a teacher’s perception questionnaire which was arranged based on a Likert scale and a list of interview questions. The results showed that the perception of teachers in “very good” category was 92% and the remaining 8% were in the “quite good” category. The result of the interviews showed that the teachers of MIN (elementary school) already understood the importance of learning science with practical methods, but the inadequate facilities and infrastructure caused practicum&nbsp; in science teaching to be rarely carried out

Factors Affecting The Level Of Financial Literation In College Student

This research is conducted to obtain empirical evidence that there are influences on financial literacy. The sample used in this research is college student in Faculty of Economic Andalas University. A regression analysis is used to test the hypothesis. Hypothetical test results show that there are no influences of gender, department, parent’s income and parent’s education on financial literacy, but only the year entry has an influence on financial literacy

Tauhi vā : the hope in indigenous thought for New Zealand born Tongans : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology, Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand

This thesis explores how tauhi va, one of the four fundamental pillars of Tongan culture, is enacted and applied in Aotearoa New Zealand from the cohort of New Zealand born Tongans. When translated, ‘tauhi’ means to nurture or look after, and ‘va’ translates to space. Thus, to use tauhi va in everyday contexts is to tend to the sacred and necessary space between relationships. Tauhi va has proven to transcend generations, climates, and changing circumstances. Within Aotearoa New Zealand, tauhi va is an instrument still being implemented among Tongan communities across the country; an instrument that has been translated from the innately collectivist culture of the Kingdom of Tonga, to Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand born Tongans find themselves in a unique position of being exposed to two cultural spheres – one that was given to them by birth-right, and the other passed on from their parents. The purpose of this research was to explore the ways in which tauhi va is being implemented by New Zealand born Tongans, in their distinctive experience of negotiating the phenomenon of dual culture. To explore this notion, five New Zealand born Tongans aged twenty five to thirty five engaged in one-on-one interviews – all of which were underpinned by talanoa as the main form of methodology. These talanoa sessions centred on key themes such as identity, being Tongan in a non-Tongan society, personal experiences with tauhi va, and many more. The findings of this study have invaluable implications not only for New Zealand born Tongans as a cohort, but on how Indigenous thought has the ability to blossom in contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand society