Pengaruh Jumlah Dan Kriteria Buah Muda Yang Dipertahankan Terhadap Hasil Buah Mangga ( Effect of Number and Criteria of Maintained Young Fruits on Yield of Mango)

The aim of this research was to get optimum number of maintained young fruit per panicle and good criteria of fruit that must be maintained so it will get a high yield of mango. The factors under investigation were number of young fruit to be maintained per panicle: 2, 4, and 6; the criteria of young fruit to be maintained: the biggest fruit, fruit attached at the beginning of panicle, and fruit attached at panicle at the same distance. The result of research showed that 6 fruits that maintained per panicle gave the highest weight per tree of mango (33,45 kg), but the lowest weight per fruit (466,98 kg). Maintaining the 2 biggest fruits of mango gave the highest weight per fruit (510,53 g)

Role of innovation networks to support the livestock extension systems of Pakistan

Presented by Hassan Mahmood Warriach (The University of Melbourne), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research, Canberra, Australia, April 2-4, 2019

Dairying and Whole-farm Economics of Crop-livestock Farming Systems - Comparing Arid and Irrigated Districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Dairying is an important component of Pakistan’s mixed crop-livestock farming systems. The national economy engages some 8.8 million small-scale producer households. The country produces more milk than any other except for the United States and India. Yet little is known about small-scale producer microeconomics to inform policy development for improving their welfare. In this paper we aim to identify the whole farm profitability of small agricultural households, with a specific focus on milk production. We compare two contrasting agro-ecological regions within Pakistan’s Punjab (irrigated Okara and rain-fed Bhakkar) using results for a single 2008-09 fiscal year of production for 212 farms. Net farm profits, taking long-run opportunity costs of labour and capital into account, showed only 10 per cent of these farms to be profitable in either district, though short-run profits, accounting for cash costs only, showed positive whole farm gross margins for 90 per cent and 80 per cent of farms in Okara and Bhakkar, respectively. The returns on assets (at 2.78 per cent and 0.53 per cent for the two districts) was lower than the national average return on savings (9 per cent). For dairy enterprises, total costs were higher than incomes; so many farms (70 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively) were assessed as making losses. Given the low opportunity costs of feeds (often crop residues) and of labour (6.2 per cent unemployment) and the high rate of inflation (11.8 per cent), returns on factors of production including labour and capital, may not be lower than international standards. There is a need, however, to raise the dairy industry’s overall productivity to make dairying viable; and to identify an optimal land and livestock combination that is profitable and commercially viable

Dairying and Whole-farm Economics of Crop-livestock Farming Systems - Comparing Arid and Irrigated Districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Dairying is an important component of Pakistan’s mixed crop-livestock farming systems. The national economy engages some 8.8 million small-scale producer households. The country produces more milk than any other except for the United States and India. Yet little is known about small-scale producer microeconomics to inform policy development for improving their welfare. In this paper we aim to identify the whole farm profitability of small agricultural households, with a specific focus on milk production. We compare two contrasting agro-ecological regions within Pakistan’s Punjab (irrigated Okara and rain-fed Bhakkar) using results for a single 2008-09 fiscal year of production for 212 farms. Net farm profits, taking long-run opportunity costs of labour and capital into account, showed only 10 per cent of these farms to be profitable in either district, though short-run profits, accounting for cash costs only, showed positive whole farm gross margins for 90 per cent and 80 per cent of farms in Okara and Bhakkar, respectively. The returns on assets (at 2.78 per cent and 0.53 per cent for the two districts) was lower than the national average return on savings (9 per cent). For dairy enterprises, total costs were higher than incomes; so many farms (70 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively) were assessed as making losses. Given the low opportunity costs of feeds (often crop residues) and of labour (6.2 per cent unemployment) and the high rate of inflation (11.8 per cent), returns on factors of production including labour and capital, may not be lower than international standards. There is a need, however, to raise the dairy industry’s overall productivity to make dairying viable; and to identify an optimal land and livestock combination that is profitable and commercially viable

Map of Pakistan indicating current study areas (Map was created using ArcGIS® software by Esri.

<p>ArcGIS® and ArcMap™)</p

Descriptive results of self-reported practices and unsubstantiated beliefs among smallholder farmers of Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan.

<p>Descriptive results of self-reported practices and unsubstantiated beliefs among smallholder farmers of Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan.</p

Herd management practices posing a risk for brucellosis transmission within herd reported by smallholder dairy farmers participating in a cross-section study on brucellosis in Pakistan (<i>n</i> = 420 farmers).

<p>Herd management practices posing a risk for brucellosis transmission within herd reported by smallholder dairy farmers participating in a cross-section study on brucellosis in Pakistan (<i>n</i> = 420 farmers).</p

Demographic characteristics of the study districts of Pakistan.

<p>Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2015).</p

Venn diagram showing the percentages of smallholder dairy farmers in Pakistan having combinations of multiple herd management practices posing a risk of brucellosis transmission within herd.

<p>Venn diagram showing the percentages of smallholder dairy farmers in Pakistan having combinations of multiple herd management practices posing a risk of brucellosis transmission within herd.</p

Model-based percentages in each household risk score category (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) across levels of farm cleaning risk scores, and across levels of brucellosis herd transmission risk scores.

<p>These values are from the two-variable model and are averaged over the levels of the other factor in the model. Household risk scores and brucellosis herd transmission risk scores were calculated from the practices reported by smallholder dairy farmers who participated in a cross-sectional study on brucellosis in Pakistan</p