Protective and Therapeutic Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on DNA Damage, Cytogenetic Changes, Sperm Abnormalities and High Level of MDA Induced by CCL4 in Rats

ABSTRACT The present study was investigated to evaluate the protective and therapeutic role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) against CCL4-induced toxicity in rats . Male Albino rats of eleven groups (eight animals each) were used in this study : negative control ; control of olive oil ; positive control received CCL4 in olive oil for 12 weeks ; groups 4-7 received CCl4 in olive oil + MOLE at doses 1.3, 2.0, 2.6 and 4.0 gm /kg (used as a protective agent ) for 12weeks . Groups 8-11 received MOLE alone (used as a therapeutic agent ) for 3 weeks after cessation of CCL4 (12 weeks) treatment . DNA damage and level of Melanodialdehyde ( MDA) in liver tissue , as well as cytogenetic changes ( frequency of micronuclei and chromosome aberrations ) in bone marrow cells and sperm abnormalities were analyzed . The calculation of DNA fragmentation using spectrophotometer and analysis of genomic DNA by fractionation on agarose gel were used to assay the DNA damage . The results showed that the CCL4 treatment caused significant induction of genetic aberrations (DNA damage , micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and chromosome aberrations ) and sperm abnormalities as well as significant elevation of MDA level was observed as compared to control . MOLE treatment (as a protective or therapeutic agent ) resulted in significant reduction of genetic aberrations, sperm abnormalities and the level of MDA , in contrast to alterations in all these parameters in rats received CCL4 alone .These results were dose dependent . But better results were obtained by using MOLE as therapeutic agent especially the treatment with the highest dose 4.0 gm / kg., where the percentages of DNA fragmentation , micronuclei , chromosome aberrations and sperm abnormalities and MDA level reverted to near normal . In conclusion , the present investigation is important in presenting data suggesting considerable promise for Moringa oleifera leaf ethanolic extract as a therapeutic agent in CCL4 induced oxidative stress in the rats

Genotoxical, teratological and biochemical effects of anthelmintic drug oxfendazole Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in male and female mice

Oxfendazole, methyl-5 (6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, is a member of the benzimidazole family of anthelmintics. Anthelmintic benzimidazoles are widely used in meat producing animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) for control of endoparasites. The extensive use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals can cause the presence of small quantities of the drug residues in food. Maximum residue limit or “MRL” means the maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of a veterinary medicinal product which may be legally permitted recognized as acceptable in food. The FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1999) evaluations of toxicological and residue data, reported that oxfendazole (MRL) has toxicological hazards on human health. The toxicity of oxfendazole (MRL) was tested in male and female mice and their fetuses. Chromosomal aberrations, teratological examination and biochemical analysis were the parameters used in this study. The results show that oxfendazole MRL induced a mutagenic effect in all tested cell types. Also, oxfendazole exhibit embryotoxicity including teratogenicity. The biochemical results show that oxfendazole induced a disturbance in the different biochemical contents of all tested tissues. So, we must increase the attention paid to the potential risk of oxfendazole residues in human beings and should stress the need for careful control to ensure adherence to the prescribed withdrawal time of this drug

Modulation of genotoxicity and endocrine disruptive effects of malathion by dietary honeybee pollen and propolis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The present study aimed at verifying the usefulness of dietary 2.5% bee-pollen (BP) or propolis (PROP) to overcome the genotoxic and endocrine disruptive effects of malathion polluted water in Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). The acute toxicity test was conducted in O. niloticus in various concentrations (0–8 ppm); mortality rate was assessed daily for 96 h. The 96 h-LC50 was 5 ppm and therefore 1/5 of the median lethal concentration (1 ppm) was used for chronic toxicity assessment. In experiment (1), fish (n = 8/group) were kept on a diet (BP/PROP or without additive (control)) and exposed daily to malathion in water at concentration of 5 ppm for 96 h “acute toxicity experiment”. Protective efficiency against the malathion was verified through chromosomal aberrations (CA), micronucleus (MN) and DNA-fragmentation assessment. Survival rate in control, BP and PROP groups was 37.5%, 50.0% and 100.0%, respectively. Fish in BP and PROP groups showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the frequency of CA (57.14% and 40.66%), MN (53.13% and 40.63%) and DNA-fragmentation (53.08% and 30.00%). In experiment (2), fish (10 males and 5 females/group) were kept on a diet with/without BP for 21 days before malathion-exposure in water at concentration of 0 ppm (control) or 1 ppm (Exposed) for further 10 days “chronic toxicity experiment”. BP significantly (P < 0.05) reduced CA (86.33%), MN (82.22%) and DNA-fragmentation (93.11%), prolonged the sperm motility when exposed to 0.01 ppm of pollutant in vitro and increased the estradiol level in females comparing to control. In conclusion, BP can be used as a feed additive for fish prone to be raised in integrated fish farms or cage culture due to its potency to chemo-protect against genotoxicity and sperm-teratogenicity persuaded by malathion-exposure