Single, several, saturated: multilevel SNP analysis for Salmonella response in young chicks

Detection of genomic regions containing genes that affect economic traits is a primary step for potential improvements of livestock through marker-assisted selection. Salmonella enteritidis (SE) bacterial burden and SE vaccine antibody production are examples of important traits in commercial chickens. A main objective of the research presented herein was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with SE bacterial burden in either the spleen or cecum and vaccine antibody levels of young chickens through the use of multiple levels of genotyping platforms. Another objective was to compare linkage disequilibrium levels present prior to and after implementation of an advanced intercrossing mating scheme. SNPs within the Gallinacin gene cluster were genotyped on an F1 cross between four broiler sires and two inbred dam lines (Fayoumi and Leghorn), and were analyzed for association with SE bacterial burden in the spleen and cecal content and vaccine antibody response. The use of individual candidate gene studies identified two potential markers (SNPs in Gal3 and Gal7) for marker-assisted selection for SE vaccine antibody response. A subsequent study was performed on the Gallinacin genes through the use of the SNaPshot genotyping platform and utilizing two separate F8 advanced intercross lines (AIL) to examine SE bacterial burden response. Five SNPs showed association at P\u3c0.05, with three clustering between Gal11-13 (3-SNP haplotype P\u3c0.008). The haplotype indicates the Gal11-13 region is a strong candidate for SE response. Using a high-density SNP array to genotype 2733 SNPs, a linkage disequilibrium (LD) fine mapping study was conducted to examine the change in LD between an F2 and two F8 AIL populations. LD levels were reduced 1.5-fold from the F2 to F8 AIL populations. The reduction illustrates the potential gain of utilizing the advanced intercross mating scheme for future association studies. Using 3000 SNPS, associations with SE bacterial burden were examined. Twenty-one markers in nineteen genes were identified at P\u3c0.02 with SE burden. These genes confirmed previously identified biological pathways important in response to bacterial infections in livestock. The molecular markers and reduction in LD identified provides an integral step in improvement of SE resistance in commercial birds through marker-assisted selection programs

Magnetophoretic Induction of Root Curvature

The last year of the grant period concerned the consolidation of previous experiments to ascertain that the theoretical premise apply not just to root but also to shoots. In addition, we verified that high gradient magnetic fields do not interfere with regular cellular activities. Previous results have established that: (1) intracellular magnetophoresis is possible; and (2) HGMF lead to root curvature. In order to investigate whether HGMF affect the assembly and/or organization of structural proteins, we examined the arrangement of microtubules in roots exposed to HGMF. The cytoskeletal investigations were performed with fomaldehyde-fixed, nonembedded tissue segments that were cut with a vibratome. Microtubules (MTs) were stained with rat anti-yeast tubulin (YOL 1/34) and DTAF-labeled antibody against rat IgG. Microfilaments (MFs) were visualized by incubation in rhodamine-labeled phalloidin. The distribution and arrangement of both components of the cytoskeleton were examined with a confocal microscope. Measurements of growth rates and graviresponse were done using a video-digitizer. Since HGMF repel diamagnetic substances including starch-filled amyloplasts and most The second aspect of the work includes studies of the effect of cytoskeletal inhibitors on MTs and MFs. The analysis of the effect of micotubular inhibitors on the auxin transport in roots showed that there is very little effect of MT-depolymerizing or stabilizing drugs on auxin transport. This is in line with observations that application of such drugs is not immediately affecting the graviresponsiveness of roots

Genes for Resistance to Salmonella in Poultry

A unique chicken resource population was used to determine that variation a biological gene cluster is associated with either resistance to colonization with the food-safety pathogen, Salmonella, or with efficiency of vaccine response to this bacterium. Examination of sequence variations within genes and their associations with Salmonella response traits will help to improve the safety of food and increase animal well-being

Liberty and justice for all? : Ethics in the American criminal justice system

The American Bar Association (ABA) claims a commitment to ethics for all that fall under its jurisdiction. As a part of the Bar Exam that lawyers must take to join the Association they are issued a character and fitness test, where some prior misbehavior may disqualify an individual from becoming barred. “Miscarriages of justice” is a common theme among literature about lawyers in the criminal justice system. In this study I will shed light on some of the ethical discrepancies in the legal profession’s values and practice. This study focuses on criminal lawyers’ experiences with personal ethics as well as their perceptions of the ethics of their colleagues throughout their legal career starting in law school and continuing through their career. Ethical indiscretions are not limited to prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, or even just to the American criminal justice system. In this study I look at how the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct are viewed by practicing attorneys, and delve into the overall perceived ethics of attorneys in Iowa

Haley Hasenstein - Black Hawk County Public Defender\u27s Office

I was able to collect data regarding the demographics of the arrestees and prisoners in Iowa’s major cities. This data will be used to attempt to reform Black Hawk County’s criminal justice system, as it will point to the overrepresentation of Black Hawk County residents in the Iowa Prison Systems.https://scholarworks.uni.edu/koob_recipients/1028/thumbnail.jp

Association of Interleukin-10 Cluster Genes and Salmonella Response in the Chicken

Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide stimulates interleukin 10 (IL10) gene expression in chickens. Four genes in the IL10 cluster [polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), interleukin 10 (IL10), map kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), and ligatin (LGTN)] plus dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase1A (DYRK1A) were investigated using the F8 generation of 2 related advanced intercross lines (AIL). The AIL were generated by crossing outbred broilers with dams of 2 highly inbred lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi). Intercrossing continued within the 2 dam lines. The F8 chicks (n = 132) were intraesophageally inoculated at 1 d with S. enteritidis. At d 7 or 8, both spleen tissue and cecal contents were cultured to quantify S. enteritidis load. The F8 population was genotyped for one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) per gene by using a multiplexed SNaPshot assay. Association of gene SNP with S. enteritidis bacterial burden was analyzed by the GLM. The MAPKAPK2 and IL10 genes were highly (P \u3c 0.001) associated with S. enteritidis burden in spleen tissue and cecal luminal content. Suggestive associations (P \u3c 0.05) of PIGR with spleen tissue and cecal content were found. The results suggest that SNP in MAPKAPK2 and IL10 were strongly associated with Salmonella burden and may be valuable in generating resistant birds by marker-assisted selection

Four Gallinacin genes and Salmonella response in chickens

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is a common cause of food poisoning. Through genetic selection of poultry breeding populations by using molecular markers, a greater protection against bacterial infections may be obtained while simultaneously reducing dependence on antibiotic use. Gallinacin genes encode proteins important in innate immunity. Four Gallinacin genes (Gal 6, 11, 12, 13) were selected analyzed by PCR and SNaPshotTM, to detect associations with post-challenge burden of SE. Significant associations (P\u3c0.05) were detected between the cecal content SE bacterial burden and Gal 6, Gal 11, and Gal 13 in the Broiler × Fayoumi AIL-F8; and Gal 12 in the Broiler × Leghorn AIL-F8. These Gallinacin SNPs may be useful in a marker-assisted selection program to improve pre-harvest food safety by genetically enhancing innate immunity to SE