In vitro evaluation of veneering composites and fibers on the color of fiber-reinforced composite restorations.

OBJECTIVE Color match between fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) restorations and teeth is an imperative factor in esthetic dentistry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of veneering composites and fibers on the color change of FRC restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glass and polyethylene fibers were used to reinforce a direct microhybrid composite (Z250, 3M ESPE) and a microfilled composite (Gradia Indirect, GC). There were eight experimental groups (n=5 disks per group). Four groups were used as the controls (non-FRC control) and the others were used as experimental groups. CIELAB parameters (L*, a* and b*) of specimens were evaluated against a white background using a spectrophotometer to assess the color change. The color difference (ΔE*) and color coordinates were (L*, a* and b*) analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Both types of composite and fiber influenced the color parameters (ΔL*, Δa*). The incorporation of fibers into the composite in the experimental groups made them darker than the control groups, except in the Gradia Indirect+ glass fibers group. Δb* is affected by types of fibers only in direct fiber reinforced composite. No statistically significant differences were recognized in ΔE* among the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest that the tested FRC restorations exhibited no difference in color in comparison with non-FRC restoration. Hence, the types of veneering composites and fibers did not influence the color change (ΔE*) of FRC restorations

The Flouting Maxims in the Main Characters' Utterances of We Bought a Zoo Movie

Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Flouting Maxims, We Bought A Zoo movie People use language to communicate with others in their society. They use it to express their ideas, thoughts, messages in a conversation. One way to make the conversation becomes successful is by fulfilling The Cooperative Principle by Grice (1989). There are four maxims which need to be fulfilled in the principles namely, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner. However, in reality people sometimes disobey the maxims, and when they do that, it means that they are flouting the maxims. When flouting maxim happens, there will be implicature arises. It is an implied or intended meaning from a speaker's utterance that is expected to be understood by the hearer. The writer conducts a study about flouting maxim in We Bought A Zoo movie. There are two problems to be solved in the study, namely: (1) What maxims are flouted in the main character's utterances in We Bought A Zoo movie (2) What intended meaning of the utterances are being flouted by the main characters on We Bought A Zoo movie.This study uses qualitative approach since the data are in the form of words rather than number or statistics. In this study the data are the utterances of the main characters which contain flouting maxims. The data are collected and analyzed based on the theory of Cooperative Principle by Grice (1989).The result of this study reveals that all the maxims are flouted in the main character's utterances. The intended meaning of the utterances being flouted are to emphasize a point in a conversation, to express a burden in doing something, to force someone to do something, to mock a character's behaviour, to decline an intention, to make a joke, to hide the truth, change the subject of conversation, to give opinion, and to refuse an order.The writer suggests the next researcher to explore more about the objectives of the study such as by identifying the reason in flouting the maxim or by trying to analyze whether there is any correlation between a character's personality or traits with their tendency to do flouting maxim in their communication

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Charge-Transfer Complex Formation between Imipramine and 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in Acetonitrile and Dichloromethane Solutions

Spectro-kinetic studies revealed the formation of charge-transfer (CT) complex of imipramine as an electron donor with π acceptor 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in acetonitrile and dichloromethane solutions. The resulted CT complexes exhibit spectra that were remarkably different fromthose of the donor and acceptor. The stoichiometry of the resulting complex was found to be 1:1 by the method of Job‘s continuous variation. The formation constants and thermodynamic parameters of the resulting electron-donor-acceptor (DA) complexes were determined by Benesi-Hildebrand and van’t Hoff equations, respectively. The time-dependent spectra recorded after mixing donor and acceptor has been related to an immediate formation of DA complex, which is followed by two relatively slow consecutive reactions. The pseudo-first-order rate constants for the formation of the ionic intermediate and the final product have been evaluated at various temperatures by computer fitting of the absorbance-time data to appropriate equations. The activation parameters, i.e. activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy of activation were computed from temperature dependence of the rate constants. The observed results afford evidence concerning the critical role of solvent polarity on the kinetics and stability of the resulting charge transfer complexes. The ionization potential of the donor in the two solvents was estimated and compared with the theoretical values.KEYWORDS Charge-transfer complex, imipramine, DDQ, ionization potential, kinetic, thermodynamic

The effect of 12 weeks Anethum graveolens (dill) on metabolic markers in patients with metabolic syndrome; A randomized double blind controlled trial

Background: The clustering of metabolic abnormalities defined as metabolic syndrome is now both a public health and a clinical problem .While interest in herbal medicine has greatly increased, lack of human evidence to support efficacies shown in animals does exist. This clinical trial study designed to investigate whether herbal medicine, Anethum graveolens (dill) extract, could improve metabolic components in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial using a parallel design was conducted. 24 subjects who had metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria (update of ATP III) were randomly assigned to either dill extract (n = 12) or placebo (n = 12) for 3 months. Results: Across lipid component of metabolic syndrome, no significant differences in triglyceride (TG) concentration and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were seen between the two groups. However TG improved significantly from baseline (257.0 vs. 201.5p = 0.01) with dill treatment but such a significant effect was not observed in placebo group. Moreover, no significant differences in waist circumference, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar were seen between two groups after 3 months follow up period. Conclusion: In this small clinical trial in patients with metabolic syndrome, 12 weeks of dill extract treatment had a beneficial effect in terms of reducing TG from baseline. However dill treatment was not associated with a significant improvement in metabolic syndrome related markers compared to control group. Larger studies might be required to prove the efficacy and safety of long-Term administration of dill to resolve metabolic syndrome components. © 2012 Mansouri et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd