Batı Anadolu’da genişleme alanı tipi jeotermal ortamın varlığına dair yapısal veriler: Afyon-Akşehir grabeni’nden örnek bir çalışma

Afyon-Akşehir Graben (AAG) which consists of the southeastern part of Akşehir-Simav Fault System (ASFS) is one of the active depression areas in Western Anatolia. The western sector of the NW-SEtrending AAG is controlled by many active normal fault segments, namely Erkmen, Gecek, and Gazlıgöl Faults. Two main geothermal fields namely, Ömer-Gecek and Gazlıgöl contain reservoirs of fluid with temperatures up to 130° C, are located on the junction points of Gecek-Erkmen faults and GazlıgölYarımca faults, respectively. The area contains three unconformity bounded geological units; Mesozoic rocks of the Afyon Metamorphic Zone (reservoir unit), Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession (cover unit), including several sedimentary and volcanic units and Quaternary modern basin-fills of alluvial, fluvial and travertine deposits. This study involves use of geological mapping and structural geology methods to identify play type of geothermal fields mentioned above. Paleostress inversion analysis based on basin-bounding active faults and active extensional cracks along the travertine depositsshows that the AAG has been deformed under the control of multidirectional extension, with E-W and NE-SW to NW-SE orientations since Plio-Quaternary time. These types of extension are directly related with the linkage of cross faults that oriented at high-angle to the strike of NW-SE-trending major breakaway fault of AAG. Field-based studies also reveals that geothermal fields in AAG develops on the interactions of these active faults on the extensional domain type geothermal play without active volcanism coming to the surface.Akşehir-Simav Fay Sistemi’nin güneydoğu bölümünü temsil eden Afyon-Akşehir Grabeni (AAG), Batı Anadolu’daki aktif çöküntü alanlarından birisidir. KB-GD uzanımı AAG’nin batı bölümü Erkmen, Gecek, Gazlıgöl gibi diri normal faylar ile kontrol edilmektedir. 130° C’ye varan rezervuar su sıcaklıkları ile bu bölgedeki en önemli jeotermal sahalar olan Ömer-Gecek ve Gazlıgöl Jeotermal sahaları sırasıyla Gecek ve Erkmen Fayları ile Gazlıgöl ve Yarımca faylarının kesişim alanlarında yer almaktadır. Bölgede yüzlek veren jeolojik birimler, birbirlerinden uyumsuzlukla ayrılan Afyon Metamorfik Zonu’na ait Mesozoyik kayaçlar (rezervuar birim), Miyosen yaşlı volkano-sedimanter ve volkanik birimler (örtü birimi) ile Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyal-flüvyal ve travertenlerden oluşan modern havza dolgularından oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma, yukarıda bahsedilen jeotermal sahaların ortam tipini, jeolojik haritalama ve yapısal jeoloji gibi saha çalışmalarını içeren metodlar kullanılarak tanımlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Havzayı sınırlayan fay düzlemleri üzerinde yapılan paleostres analizleri ve faylar üzerinde ölçülen güncel açılma çatlakları, AAG’nin Pliyo-Kuvaterner’den beri, D-B ve KD-GB’dan KB-GD yönüne kadar değişiklik gösteren çok yönlü genişlemeli tektonizma etkisinde şekillendiğine işaret etmektedir. Genişleme tipi, AAG’nin KB-GD uzanımlı ana graben fayı ile bu faya yüksek açılı uzanan çapraz fayların bağlantıları ile ilişkilidir. Arazi bazlı çalışmalar, AAG içerisindeki jeotermal sahaların yüzeye gelmiş aktif volkanizma olmaksızın diri fayların kesişim noktalarında gelişen genişleme alanı tipi jeotermal ortamlara işaret ettiğini göstermektedir

Clustering of Member and Candidate Countries of the European Union

The clustering analysis aims to classify multivariate observations. For this, it uses any similarity or difference measures. In literature, clustering analysis is used to classify countries in many studies. In this study, we aim to classify the EU Member and Candidate Countries by cluster analysis in terms of some economic variables and to reveal the similarities of candidate and member countries. We have used Ward Algorithm which is a hierarchical cluster method and k-means Algorithm that is a non-hierarchical cluster method. Moreover, we have used clustering validation indexes for comparison of clustering results. To this aim, Dunn, Connectivity and Silhouette indexes are preferred as clustering validation indexes.

Effects of Different Applications on Postoperative Seroma Formation and Wound Healing Following Mastectomy and Axillary Dissection in Rats

The most frequent postoperative complication after breast surgery is seroma formation. Seroma occurs due to lymphatic and vascular fluid leakage into the dead space created by surgical dissection. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of local fibrin glue, tetracycline, talc applications, and flap fixation technique on reducing seroma formation after mastectomy and axillary dissection. In addition, we aimed to determine the level of efficacy for these applications, as well as to identify the most appropriate method to be used in operations with high risk of seroma formation. Materials and Methods. This experimental study was conducted using a total of 60 female Wistar albino rats. They were allocated into six groups and each comprised ten rats. Unilateral mastectomy and axillary dissection were performed on all the rats. Local applications of fibrin glue, tetracycline, talc, and alcoholic iodine were performed in four separate groups. Flap fixation technique was applied in one group and those rats that did not receive any intervention constituted the control group. On the 10th postoperative day, seroma was aspirated under anesthesia, and the amount of seroma fluid was recorded. Seroma fluid was analyzed for interleukin 1-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and C-reactive protein levels. Tissue samples were obtained from the skin overlaying the dissection area, the axilla, and the thoracic wall. Wound healing was evaluated with histopathological examination. Results. Seroma volume was lower and the wound healing scores were the highest in the flap fixation group and the tetracycline group as compared to the control group. However, the alcoholic iodine group and the talc group had a greater amount of seroma (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the fibrin glue group and the control group. Conclusions. In our mastectomy model, local application of alcoholic iodine and talc substances caused more wound site problems and postoperative seroma formation. While fibrin glue did not cause wound site problems, it did increase seroma formation. These three substances were determined to be inefficacious in postoperative seroma formation. Local tetracycline application and flap fixation technique were found to reduce postoperative seroma and benefit wound healing

Seismic history of western Anatolia during the last 16 kyr determined by cosmogenic 36Cl dating.

Western Anatolia is one of the most seismically active regions worldwide. To date, the paleoseismic history of many major faults, in terms of recurrence intervals of destructive earthquakes, their magnitude, displacement, and slip rates is poorly understood. Regional crustal extension has produced major horst-graben systems bounded by kilometer-scale normal faults locally in carbonates, along which vertical crustal displacements occurred. In this study, we explore the seismic history of western Anatolia using 36Cl exposure dating through study of well-preserved carbonate normal fault scarps. To accomplish this, 36Cl concentrations in 214 samples from fault plane transects on the Rahmiye and Ören fault scarps were measured and compared with existing 36Cl measurements of 370 samples on five fault scraps in western Anatolia. At least 20 seismic events have been reconstructed over the past 16 kyr. The age correlation of the seismic events implies four phases of high seismic activity in western Anatolia, at around 2, 4, 6, and 8 ka. Slips are modeled ranging between 0.6 to 4.2 m per seismic event, but are probably the result of clustered earthquakes of maximum magnitude 6.5 to 7.1. While the average slip rates have values of 0.3 to 1.9 mm/yr, incremental slip rates of the faults range greater than 0.1 to 2.2 mm/yr, showing more activity mostly through late Holocene. Our finding reveals high capability of cosmogenic 36Cl dating to explore seismic behavior of active faults beyond the existing earthquake records. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s00015-022-00408-x

Pathological Femoral Fracture due to Osteoporosis and Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia Following Adefovir Therapy in a Patient with Chronic Hepatitis B

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is a nucleotide analogue used in the chronic hepatitis B treatment. Proximal renal tubular dysfunction is one of the adverse effects of this agent and characterized with hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. However, reduced bone mineral density with fracture due to ADV therapy has not been reported before. We aimed to report a 55-year-old male patient with proximal femur fracture who developed hypophosphatemic osteomalacia while using low dose of adefovir (10 mg/day) for chronic hepatitis B treatment for 10 years

The Effects of L-NAME and Agmatine in The Nucleus Accumbens Core Regıon on Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome

Aim:The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, especially the nucleus accumbens, is an important region in opioid dependence and withdrawal. Studies have shown that nitric oxide synthase inhibitors modulate the development of tolerance to opioids, opioid dependence, and withdrawal. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of local injections of L-NAME and agmatine into the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc), one of the nucleus accumbens subregions on withdrawal signs and locomotor activity behavior during naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.Materials and Methods:Twenty-four adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Morphine dependence was developed in all animals after guide cannula implantation into the NAcc region. On the last day of experiment, following bilateral L-NAME, agmatine or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF, control group) microinjections morphine withdrawal was induced by naloxone.Results:Local administration of agmatine and L-NAME into the NAcc significantly suppressed the jumping number during naloxone induced withdrawal. Local agmatine treatment significantly suppressed the score of teeth chattering, although the L-NAME did not change. No significant difference was observed in withdrawal symptoms such as wet dog shakes and defecation after local agmatine and L-NAME treatment. Agmatine increased stereotypic movements, but did not change locomotor activity behaviors such as ambulatory activity and total covered distance. Local administration of L-NAME into the NAcc did not increase stereotypic and ambulatory movements, and total covered distance during naloxone-induced withdrawal.Conclusion:These results suggest that inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in NAcc plays a role in morphine withdrawal symptoms, but it is not responsible alone

Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric intensive care unit patients: the results of a multicenter, prospective study in Turkey

IntroductionMalnutrition is defined as a pathological condition arising from deficient or imbalanced intake of nutritional elements. Factors such as increasing metabolic demands during the disease course in the hospitalized patients and inadequate calorie intake increase the risk of malnutrition. The aim of the present study is to evaluate nutritional status of patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Turkey, examine the effect of nutrition on the treatment process and draw attention to the need for regulating nutritional support of patients while continuing existing therapies.Material and MethodIn this prospective multicenter study, the data was collected over a period of one month from PICUs participating in the PICU Nutrition Study Group in Turkey. Anthropometric data of the patients, calorie intake, 90-day mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay and length of stay in intensive care unit were recorded and the relationship between these parameters was examined.ResultsOf the 614 patients included in the study, malnutrition was detected in 45.4% of the patients. Enteral feeding was initiated in 40.6% (n = 249) of the patients at day one upon admission to the intensive care unit. In the first 48 h, 86.82% (n = 533) of the patients achieved the target calorie intake, and 81.65% (n = 307) of the 376 patients remaining in the intensive care unit achieved the target calorie intake at the end of one week. The risk of mortality decreased with increasing upper mid-arm circumference and triceps skin fold thickness Z-score (OR = 0.871/0.894; p = 0.027/0.024). The risk of mortality was 2.723 times higher in patients who did not achieve the target calorie intake at first 48 h (p = 0.006) and the risk was 3.829 times higher in patients who did not achieve the target calorie intake at the end of one week (p = 0.001). The risk of mortality decreased with increasing triceps skin fold thickness Z-score (OR = 0.894; p = 0.024).ConclusionTimely and appropriate nutritional support in critically ill patients favorably affects the clinical course. The results of the present study suggest that mortality rate is higher in patients who fail to achieve the target calorie intake at first 48 h and day seven of admission to the intensive care unit. The risk of mortality decreases with increasing triceps skin fold thickness Z-score