What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?

Previous work has not led to a clear understanding of the causes of spatial pattern in global surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which generally increases polewards. Here, we revisit this question by investigating the drivers of observed latitudinal gradients in surface salinity-normalized DIC (nDIC) using the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) database. We used the database to test three different hypotheses for the driver producing the observed increase in surface nDIC from low to high latitudes. These are (1) sea surface temperature, through its effect on the CO2 system equilibrium constants, (2) salinity-related total alkalinity (TA), and (3) highlatitude upwelling of DIC- and TA-rich deep waters. We find that temperature and upwelling are the two major drivers. TA effects generally oppose the observed gradient, except where higher values are introduced in upwelled waters. Temperature-driven effects explain the majority of the surface nDIC latitudinal gradient (182 of the 223 μmol kg1 increase from the tropics to the high-latitude Southern Ocean). Upwelling, which has not previously been considered as a major driver, additionally drives a substantial latitudinal gradient. Its immediate impact, prior to any induced air-sea CO2 exchange, is to raise Southern Ocean nDIC by 220 μmol kg1 above the average low-latitude value. However, this immediate effect is transitory. The long-term impact of upwelling (brought about by increasing TA), which would persist even if gas exchange were to return the surface ocean to the same CO2 as without upwelling, is to increase nDIC by 74 μmol kg1 above the low-latitude average

Prospectus, November 30, 1976

TWAIN\u27S AMERICAN HUMOR\u27 COMES TO PC SATURDAY; Musical comedy: Apple Tree tryouts scheduled; Choir, Madrigals sing Sunday; PC flu shots set for Mon.; Paxton concert Dec. 12; PC news in brief: Spring Schedule changed, Sing to me!!!, Art exhibit Dec. 4, 5, Jeremiah Johnson , Illinois Wesleyan first home foe; Star Trek lives: Roddenberry gets a call from Klingon League; Finals start December 16; Four-week Advent season has three-fold purpose; Lockers must be renewed; \u27I found it\u27: Crusade reaches for everyone; Survey shows: Young people\u27s concerns changing; A man and his music: There\u27s plenty of Ellingtonia, but there\u27s never enough; Skylines: New energy technology exists; Covenant Players: Emphasis is upon play\u27s message; PC Communications Div. offers recital on Saturday; Christmas time is kids time in Champaign; What\u27s up, Doc?: Can Bugs Bunny replace Elvis?; American Heritage Dancers perform at ISU this week; Mediaseen: FCC will provide $ help for hearings; Classifieds; Sgt. Creekmur says: National Guard \u27perfect part-time job\u27; Faculty bowlers bunched up - \u27anything can happen\u27; Indoor track team needs recruits - \u27room for all\u27; Defeated by DuPage: Cobras open at home tonight against Ill. Wesleyan; Sports editorial: Firing of Blackman \u27tremendous setback\u27 for UI football; Women cagers get ready; K-Action wins ithttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1976/1001/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, November 23, 1976

TRUSTEES MEET: 25% TUITION INCREASE VOTED BY BOARD, NEW HOUR TOTAL $17; PC news in brief: Redford stars in \u27Jeremiah Johnson\u27, Spring Schedule changed, Sociological film today, See Chicago Bulls Nov. 30; Till Nov. 30th: Preregister now; \u27Disaster bus\u27 being fixed, should be ready by Jan.; Persecutor\u27s life changed; Illinois low in educ. support; Onarga application approved; 28% late on stud. loans; Before finals: Withdraw by December 15th; GI Bill: New vet allowances announced; Sign up now to save courses for later; Campus competition: Gunki heads stud. recognition; Library stairs sculpture just hanging around for 2 years; Theta Epsilon meets Dec. 1; Senior university: Sangamon State rep visits today; Care and cooking: There\u27s more to wild game than just hunting it; Flipping the bird...a collection of turkey recipes: First, the real one; Then, some recipes by for turkeys...: ...figure five pounds per person, ...I forgot to say to take the turkey out of the bag, ...watch the expressions of delight as they eat it; Timeless marital problems looked at in Coward play; Artist-in-residence: Wayne Forbes: showing need for people to care; Santa Claus arrives Friday; Theta Epsilon Frat. officers announced; Community Cultural Series: Twain Amer. Humor superb; Fifth Column: False Promises of entertainment; Classifieds; Cobra\u27s Corner: 3 candidates for center: Betka is \u27all-business\u27 vying for starting position; Bears still 1st, \u27Excess\u27 within 3 points; Schedule changed: Cagers open tonite at DuPage; Parkland Basketball Roster; Cobra captains ready; Decker wins final Freddy; Lockers must be renewed; Parkland College 1976-1977 Basketball Schedule; Women\u27s Basketball Schedulehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1976/1002/thumbnail.jp

Carbon exchange between a shelf sea and the ocean: The Hebrides Shelf, west of Scotland

Global mass balance calculations indicate the majority of particulate organic carbon (POC) exported from shelf seas is transferred via downslope exchange processes. Here we demonstrate the downslope flux of POC from the Hebrides Shelf is approximately 3-to-5-fold larger per unit length/area than the global mean. To reach this conclusion we quantified the offshore transport of particulate and dissolved carbon fractions via the “Ekman Drain”, a strong downwelling feature of the NW European Shelf circulation, and subsequently compared these fluxes to simultaneous regional air-sea CO2 fluxes and on-shore wind-driven Ekman fluxes to constrain the carbon dynamics of this shelf. Along the shelf break we estimate a mean offshelf total carbon (dissolved + particulate) flux of 4.2 tonnes C m−1 d−1 compared to an onshelf flux of 4.5 tonnes C m−1 d−1. Organic carbon represented 3.3% of the onshelf carbon flux but 6.4% of the offshelf flux indicating net organic carbon export. Dissolved organic carbon represented 95% and POC 5% of the exported organic carbon pool. When scaled along the shelf break the total offshelf POC flux (0.007 Tg C d−1) was found to be three times larger than the regional air-sea CO2 ingassing flux (0.0021 Tg C d−1), an order of magnitude larger than the particulate inorganic carbon flux (0.0003 Tg C d−1) but far smaller than the DIC (2.03 Tg C d−1) or DOC (0.13 Tg C d−1) fluxes. Significant spatial heterogeneity in the Ekman drain transport confirms that offshelf carbon fluxes via this mechanism are also spatially heterogeneous. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Prospectus, September 28, 1976

PINS\u27 COMING SOON; Gonzalez and Steffey ineligible: McCabe, Kirkpatrick elected; 25%-33%: Drop rate high; Stewart speaks to com 111 \u27I love the business\u27; Faculty plans \u2777-\u2778 curriculum; Letters to the editor: Pins still bouncing, Oops, We\u27re waiting; Guest Editorial: Mellowspread does not mind campaign attack on Mr. Big ; Student activities provides \u27Driver exchange board\u27; Vandalizes and burns own car; Jesus Christ is alive and well: Hold everything!; Guest opinion: containers big waste; \u27Antonia\u27 on Thursday; PC news in brief: Game tourney, Joe Matthews, It\u27s debatable, Scott to speak, Peanuts popcorn candy, IOC, Soc. Assoc. wake-up, Kirk elected president, Weight control seminar; United Way needs more than donations: Walker wants community help; Tau Epsilon gleans local corn fields; Head Start Follow-Up tutor program; Nadia will dance Oct. 5; Dear Bonnie; Prairie Festival; Burgoo treat of the day; Concert review: Basie Band swings, Williams sings; \u27Birthday Party\u27 opens tomorrow; Coral Reefers back him up: Buffet a hit at auditorium; Uncle Bob\u27s review: Debate get you down?; Elvis tickets for concert sold out: Classifieds; Cobra\u27s Corner: Abbey named USCSC games committee; First home volleyball game tonight; Mudrock 1st, Cobras 6th; Bob Zettler wins Fast Freddy; Fast Freddy\u27s Football Forecast; Harriers bow to Illini JVs; Games of October 2https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1976/1010/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, October 26, 1964

Play, varied activities termed success at retreat: Play forms discussion springboard • Senior Prom to feature Raymond band, Camelot • Democrats sweep campus with 57 percent majority: Partisan area shows Johnson strength • Library consultant to discuss career opportunities • Ursinus to honor four alumni in Founders\u27 Day ceremonies: Helfferich\u27s address, college\u27s future • Dooley associate to speak, show film in Y forum • Parents flock to campus in annual festivities: Grid loss dampens day only a little • Election planned to fill WSGA senate vacancies • Editorial: Answering critics • Is the Summer reading program worthless? • New Gym Club forms on campus • Presidential candidates discussed in debate • Library service expanding • Sophomores elect Atkinson, MSGA representative • Letters to the editor • UC gridmen massacred 48-0 by winless Swarthmore foe: Degenhardt, Moser and Videon on injured list • Day students and Demas win titles • Bear booters beat both Delaware and PMC 1-0 • Pfahler film circus: What to do • Advice column • Greek gleaningshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1231/thumbnail.jp

The necessity and possibility of powerful ‘regional’ knowledge: curriculum change and renewal

© 2016 Taylor & Francis. The paper argues that powerful regional knowledge is necessary and possible and that there are historical precedents supporting these claims. Regional knowledge is being used in a double sense: the first Bernsteinian, the second in relation to knowledge generated outside the academy. Both are important if the debate is not to be confined solely to the global north and if the curriculum is to be responsive to geo-political realities. In order to think critically about access to higher education, we need to consider the sorts of knowledge, engagement, and opportunities that are open to newer actors. This includes recognising the contextual nature of professional practice and also that social movements beyond the academy can and do challenge academic knowledge. The paper concludes that many of issues addressed are not capable of theoretical resolution alone and that we need more empirical work to inform curriculum change and renewal

Integrated analysis of carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations as a quality control of ocean float data

The distributions of dissolved O2 and CO2 have not previously been systematically compared across the global surface ocean, despite their significance for life and climate. Here we analyze carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations relative to saturation (equilibrium with the atmosphere) in surface waters, using two large datasets (ship-collected and float-collected data). When applied to a high-quality global ship-collected dataset, CO2 and O2 concentrations relative to saturation exhibit large seasonal and geographic variations. However, linear fits of CO2 and O2 deviations from saturation (ΔCO2 against ΔO2) yield y-intercepts close to zero, which suggests a requirement for data validity. We utilize this finding to investigate the accuracy of carbonate system data from biogeochemical-Argo floats. We find significant discrepancies in ΔCO2-ΔO2 y-intercepts compared to the global reference, implying overestimations of float-based CO2 release in the Southern Ocean. We conclude that this technique can be applied to data from autonomous platforms for quality assessment

Whitefield News

File includes: January 2017 Volume 4, Issue 7 February 2017 Volume 4, Issue 8 March 2017 Volume 4, Issue 9 April 2017 Volume 4, Issue 10 May 2017 Volume 4, Issue 11 June 2017 Volume 4, Issue 12 July 2017 Volume 5, Issue 1 August 2017 Volume 5, Issue 2 September 2017 Volume 5, Issue 3 October 2017 Volume 5, Issue 4 November 2017 Volume 5, Issue 5 December 2017 Volume 5, Issue

The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55–92 Years): a double-blind randomized study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ageing is associated with a significant reduction in skeletal muscle carnosine which has been linked with a reduction in the buffering capacity of muscle and in theory, may increase the rate of fatigue during exercise. Supplementing beta-alanine has been shown to significantly increase skeletal muscle carnosine. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of ninety days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWC_FT) in elderly men and women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using a double-blind placebo controlled design, twenty-six men (n = 9) and women (n = 17) (age ± SD = 72.8 ± 11.1 yrs) were randomly assigned to either beta-alanine (BA: 800 mg × 3 per day; n = 12; CarnoSyn™) or Placebo (PL; n = 14) group. Before (pre) and after (post) the supplementation period, participants performed a discontinuous cycle ergometry test to determine the PWC_FT.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Significant increases in PWC_FT(28.6%) from pre- to post-supplementation were found for the BA treatment group (p < 0.05), but no change was observed with PL treatment. These findings suggest that ninety days of BA supplementation may increase physical working capacity by delaying the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in elderly men and women.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We suggest that BA supplementation, by improving intracellular pH control, improves muscle endurance in the elderly. This, we believe, could have importance in the prevention of falls, and the maintenance of health and independent living in elderly men and women.</p