Untersuchung innen und außen berippter, rohrförmiger, gasgekühlter Brennelemente

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung eines rohrförmigen innen und außen gekühlten Brennelementes für den Reaktortyp Natururan/Graphit/Gas. An sieben hierfür geeigneten Hüllrohren mit Längs-, Quer- und Pfeilrippen wurden mittlere und örtliche Wärmeübergangszahlen und mittlere Druckverlustbeiwerte gemessen. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten bezüglich Kühlgas, Druck, Temperatur, Massenstrom und Heizleistung unter Reaktorbedingungenim Hochdruckgaskreislauf des Instituts für Reaktorbauelemente. Die Aufteilung des Kühlgasmassenstromes in einen turbulenten inneren und äußeren Teilstrom wurde theoretisch berechnet und experimentell überprüft. Zur Beurteilung der einzelnen Rippenformen wurden in einer Rechnung Wärmeleistung, Gebläseleistung, Uran-, Rippenrohr- und Gastemperatur für einen vereinfachten Reaktorkühlkanal mit Originalabmessungen bestimmt. Die höchste Wärmeleistung wird unter Einhaltung aller Grenzen erreicht, wenn das Uranrohr außen und innen mit Pfeilrippenrohren umhüllt wird. Eine nur 11 % geringere Wärmeleistung wird erzielt, wenn das Uranrohr innen mit einem Längsrippenrohr umhüllt wird. Berücksichtigt man, daß beim Längsrippenrohr die erforderliche Gebläseleistung niedriger und die Herstellungskosten bedeutend geringer sind als beim Pfeilrippenrohr, so erkennt man, daß auch Längsrippenrohre als Innenhüllrohre durchaus geeignet sind

How Many and What Types of SPARQL Queries can be Answered through Zero-Knowledge Link Traversal?

The current de-facto way to query the Web of Data is through the SPARQL protocol, where a client sends queries to a server through a SPARQL endpoint. Contrary to an HTTP server, providing and maintaining a robust and reliable endpoint requires a significant effort that not all publishers are willing or able to make. An alternative query evaluation method is through link traversal, where a query is answered by dereferencing online web resources (URIs) at real time. While several approaches for such a lookup-based query evaluation method have been proposed, there exists no analysis of the types (patterns) of queries that can be directly answered on the live Web, without accessing local or remote endpoints and without a-priori knowledge of available data sources. In this paper, we first provide a method for checking if a SPARQL query (to be evaluated on a SPARQL endpoint) can be answered through zero-knowledge link traversal (without accessing the endpoint), and analyse a large corpus of real SPARQL query logs for finding the frequency and distribution of answerable and non-answerable query patterns. Subsequently, we provide an algorithm for transforming answerable queries to SPARQL-LD queries that bypass the endpoints. We report experimental results about the efficiency of the transformed queries and discuss the benefits and the limitations of this query evaluation method.Comment: Preprint of paper accepted for publication in the 34th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium On Applied Computing (SAC 2019

Recent and future trends in synthetic greenhouse gas radiative forcing

Atmospheric measurements show that emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons are now the primary drivers of the positive growth in synthetic greenhouse gas (SGHG) radiative forcing. We infer recent SGHG emissions and examine the impact of future emissions scenarios, with a particular focus on proposals to reduce HFC use under the Montreal Protocol. If these proposals are implemented, overall SGHG radiative forcing could peak at around 355 mW m[superscript −2] in 2020, before declining by approximately 26% by 2050, despite continued growth of fully fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions. Compared to “no HFC policy” projections, this amounts to a reduction in radiative forcing of between 50 and 240 mW m[superscript −2] by 2050 or a cumulative emissions saving equivalent to 0.5 to 2.8 years of CO2 emissions at current levels. However, more complete reporting of global HFC emissions is required, as less than half of global emissions are currently accounted for.Natural Environment Research Council (Great Britain) (Advanced Research Fellowship NE/I021365/1)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Upper Atmospheric Research Program Grant NNX11AF17G)United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio

First passage time distribution for a random walker on a random forcing energy landscape

We present an analytical approximation scheme for the first passage time distribution on a finite interval of a random walker on a random forcing energy landscape. The approximation scheme captures the behavior of the distribution over all timescales in the problem. The results are carefully checked against numerical simulations.Comment: 16 page

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3A protein regulates CDKN2B transcription via interaction with MIZ-1

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3 family of protein is critical for the EBV-induced primary B-cell growth transformation process. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified 22 novel cellular partners of the EBNA3s. Most importantly, among the newly identified partners, five are known to play direct and important roles in transcriptional regulation. Of these, the Myc-interacting zinc finger protein-1 (MIZ-1) is a transcription factor initially characterized as a binding partner of MYC. MIZ-1 activates the transcription of a number of target genes including the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN2B. Focusing on the EBNA3A/MIZ-1 interaction we demonstrate that binding occurs in EBV-infected cells expressing both proteins at endogenous physiological levels and that in the presence of EBNA3A, a significant fraction of MIZ-1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Moreover, we show that a trimeric complex composed of a MIZ-1 recognition DNA element, MIZ-1 and EBNA3A can be formed, and that interaction of MIZ-1 with nucleophosmin (NPM), one of its coactivator, is prevented by EBNA3A. Finally, we show that, in the presence of EBNA3A, expression of the MIZ-1 target gene, CDKN2B, is downregulated and repressive H3K27 marks are established on its promoter region suggesting that EBNA3A directly counteracts the growth inhibitory action of MIZ-1

Temperature dependency of the laminar burning velocity of fuel-rich methane oxygen measurements

First experiments to determine laminar burning velocities of methane-pure oxygen mixtures were carried out in 1932 by Jahn [1] for a wide range of equivalence ratios Φ (0.2 to 2.64) using a Bunsen burner. Since then, new and most important more accurate methods were developed to determine laminar burning velocities. One of these methods, namely the Heat Flux Method, which was introduced by de Goey et al. [2] in 1993, was used in the current work to validate the results for fuel-rich methane oxygen mixtures (Φ = 2.38 to 2.64) as published by Jahn. Regarding the current Heat Flux Bruner setup the range of velocities that can be determined are limited between 9 and 50 cm/s, which also limits the range of investigated equivalence ratios (Φ = 2.38 to 3.03), which is wider as the one investigated by Jahn [1]. Furthermore, the influence of the pre-heating temperature was also investigated by a variation of it from 263 up to 455 K. Based on these experimental data the temperature dependency of laminar burning velocities of fuel-rich methane oxygen mixtures was determined and as a result the coefficient α of the power law correlation SL = SL0 (T/T0)α was calculated. Due to the increase of the laminar burning velocity at higher pre-heating temperatures, the laminar burning velocities could also be determined at equivalence ratios up to a maximum value of Φ = 3.33 (TP = 455 K). The increase in accuracy of measurement methods to determine laminar burning velocities over the last decades [3] leads to an observed decrease in measured flame speeds. This tendency is confirmed in the current experiments, where the determined laminar burning velocities are lower than the ones measured by Jahn [1]. Regarding the temperature dependency of the laminar burning velocity, the results indicate that for the range of investigated equivalence ratios and temperatures (300 K to 455 K) the power law coefficient α was observed to be almost constant