Diversidade, abundância e bionomia de moscas predadoras (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) em propriedades produtoras de hortaliças em sistemas de base ecológica

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2017.A maioria das espécies de moscas da família Dolichopodidae é predadora generalista. Podem ser encontradas em uma variedade de ambientes de clima quente e úmido, incluindo ambientes agrícolas. No entanto, informações sobre a diversidade, a influência de fatores abiótico e biótico na abundância das espécies e as características bionônomicas são escassas. Assim, o objetivo nesta tese, foi contribuir para o conhecimento de Dolichopodidae, considerando os seguintes tópicos: (1) conhecer a diversidade de Dolichopodidae na região estudada; (2) identificar os efeitos de hábitats e a influência da sazonalidade na abundância do grupo, e se o aumento da abundância do predador está correlacionado com o aumento da abundância da presa; (3) testar as variáveis abióticas (umidade e temperatura) e bióticas (recurso alimentar), além de avaliar alguns aspectos bionômicos no desempenho dos adultos. O estudo foi conduzido em diferentes propriedades rurais localizadas no Distrito Federal, em hábitats de hortaliças, pousio, agrofloresta e vegetação nativa. Um total de 17 gêneros foi identificado, com, pelo menos, 70 espécies/morfoespécies. Destes, destacaram-se os gêneros Chrysotus e Condylostylus porque eles apresentam elevada abundância e diversidade. Hábitats com cultivos de hortaliças, que são mais abertos e perturbados pelas práticas agrícolas, abrigaram uma fauna mais rica e diversa de Dolichopodidae, quando comparados com os demais hábitats, com base em coletas com armadilhas Malaise. No entanto, hábitats de agrofloresta e vegetação nativa são importantes na paisagem agrícola, uma vez que contribuem para o aumento da diversidade regional do grupo. Coletas de adultos com armadilhas adesivas amarelas também mostraram que hábitats mais abertos e perturbados de hortaliças foram capazes de produzir populações mais abundantes de Condylostylus e, por isso, podem ser hábitats fontes. Hábitats considerados sumidouros, como agroflorestas e vegetação nativa, podem funcionar como amortizadores dos efeitos de perturbação advindos das práticas agrícolas, servindo como local de refúgio ou abrigo temporário quando os hábitats de hortaliças estiverem sendo manejados para a comercialização. Um efeito da sazonalidade na abundância Condylostylus e Chrysotus foi também identificado, com populações mais abundantes na estação chuvosa quando comparada com a estação de seca. Além disso, comprovou-se que os fatores abióticos, como umidade e temperatura, influenciam diretamente a viabilidade de ovos e no tempo de desenvolvimento embrionário de espécies Condylostylus enquanto recurso alimentar de origem proteica (mosca-branca e pulgões) parece não influenciar a sobrevivência dos adultos. O conhecimento dos fatores que estruturam as assembleias de dolicopodídeos aqui estudados poderá ajudar a estabelecer estratégias de manejo visando à conservação do grupo e a entender seu papel ecológico para o controle biológico de pragas agrícolas.Most species of Dolichopodidae are generalist predators. They can be found in a variety of warm moist environments, including agricultural environments. However, information on the diversity, the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the abundance of species and their biononomic characteristics are scarce. The objective of this thesis was to contribute to the knowledge of Dolichopodidae considering the following topics: (1) recognize the diversity of Dolichopodidae in the study region; (2) identify the effects of habitat and the influence of seasonality in the abundance of the group, and the increased abundance of the predator is correlated with the increase in abundance of prey; (3) test the abiotic variables (temperature and humidity) and biotic (food source), and to evaluate some aspect bionomics in the performance of adults. The study was conducted in different farms located in the Federal District, in habitats of vegetables, fallow, agroforestry and native vegetation. A total of 17 genera and 70 species/morphospecies were indentified. Of these, we highlight the genera Chrysotus and Condylostylus, because they have high abundance and diversity. Habitats with vegetable crops, which are more open and disturbed by agricultural practices, housed a richer and diverse fauna of Dolichopodidae when compared to the other habitats, based on collections with Malaise traps. However, agroforestry and native vegetation habitats are importante in the agricultural landscape, since they contribute to increase of the regional diversity of the group. Collections of adults with yellow adhesive traps also showed that more open and disturbed habitats of vegetables were able to produce more abundant populations of Condylostylus and Chrysotus, therefore, can be source habitats. Habitats considered to be sink, as agroforestry and native vegetation, can act as a buffer against the disturbing effects of agricultural practices, serving as refuge or temporary place when the vegetable habitats are being managed for commercialization. An effect of seasonality on the Condylostylus and Chrysotus abundance was also identified, with populations more abundant in the rainy season when compared to the dry season. In addition, it was shown that the abiotic factors, as humidity and temperature, directly affect the viability of eggs and at the time of embryonic development of Condylostylus species, whereas the food source of protein origem (whitefly and aphids) does not seem to influence adult survival. The knowledge of the factors that structure the Dolichopodidae assemblages here studied can help to establish strategies of management for the conservation of this group of insects, and to understand their ecological role for the biological control of agricultural pests

Seasonal fluctuation in the population of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and co-occurrence with other Coccinellids in the Federal District of Brazil

A joaninha asiática, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773), foi primeiramente registrada no Brasil em 2002 no Estado do Paraná, sendo posteriormente registrada nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Essa espécie pode colonizar novas áreas e tornar-se dominante na comunidade local, reduzindo a densidade e diversidade de espécies nativas, principalmente de coccinelídeos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi registrar a presença de H. axyridis no Distrito Federal, a flutuação populacional e a sua co-ocorrência com outros coccinelídeos. As coletas foram realizadas em uma propriedade rural particular em Taguatinga e no campo experimental da Embrapa Hortaliças no Gama, Distrito Federal, entre agosto/2008-janeiro/2010, utilizando coleta direta dos indivíduos sobre as plantas. Foram coletados 881 coccinelídeos, sendo que destes 110 pertencem à espécie H. axyridis exclusivamente do grupo succinea, nas seguintes plantas: tomate, coentro, milho verde, repolho, couve, couve-flor, brócolis, pepino. Também foi observada a sua co-ocorrência com outras espécies de joaninhas: Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763), Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville 1842), Eriopis connexa (German, 1824), Scymnus sp., Nephaspis sp., Azya luteipes (Mulsant, 1850), Hyperaspis festiva (Mulsant, 1850), Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant, 1866), Psyllobora sp. e Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer, 1775). Até o momento, não foram registradas interações negativas de H. axyridis com essas espécies no Distrito Federal. Além disso, esta região foi apontado anteriormente como tendo uma baixa probabilidade de ocorrência para esta espécie, refletindo H. axyridis grande plasticidade adaptativa para novos habitats.The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773), was first recorded in Brazil in 2002 in Paraná state and subsequently observed in Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. This species can spread to new areas and become dominant in the local community, reducing the density and diversity of native species, mainly Coccinellidae. The objective of this work was to record for the first time the occurrence of H. axyridis in the Federal District and its co-occurrence with other Coccinellidae species. The individuals were collected directly from plants at an organic farm in Taguatinga and in experimental fields of Embrapa Hortaliças, located in the Federal District, from August 2008 to January 2010. We collected 881 Coccinelids, and of these, 110 belong to the species H. axyridis. These were found exclusively on the following plants of the succinea group: maize, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, cucumber, cotton, tomato and coriander. We also observed its co-occurrence with the following lady beetle species: Cycloneda sanguine (Linnaeus, 1763), Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville 1842), Eriopis connexa (German, 1824), Scymnus sp., Nephaspis sp., Azya luteipes (Mulsant, 1850), Hyperaspis festiva (Mulsant, 1850), Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant, 1866), Psyllobora sp. and Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer, 1775). So far, we have not found any negative interactions between H. axyridis and these species. This is the northernmost H. axyridis record in Brazil. Moreover, the region was previously considered to have a low probability of occurrence for this species. Therefore, this record confirms that H. axyridis presents great adaptive plasticity to new habitats

Estrutura da comunidade de insetos (Arthropoda, Insecta) em sistemas de produção de hortaliças e agrofloresta no Distrito Federal

Dissertação (Mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de ciências biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2012.A composição da comunidade de insetos é constantemente alterada pelas práticas de manejo da vegetação, mudando tanto o número de espécies quanto a sua abundância relativa em sistemas agrícolas. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da diversificação de plantas, a intensidade de perturbação e exploração das propriedades rurais na abundância, riqueza, diversidade e composição das comunidades de insetos, também avaliados localmente, entre os sistemas de produção de hortaliças e de agrofloresta de cada propriedade. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro propriedades rurais de agricultores familiares em diferentes estágios da transição agroecológica, no Distrito Federal, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, diretamente sobre as plantas, no período de 2009 e 2010. As comunidades de insetos apresentaram menor abundância, maior de riqueza, diversidade e equitabilidade nas propriedades mais diversificadas na vegetação e com menor perturbação e exploração da área. Os dados de distribuição de abundância de espécies apresentaram melhor ajuste ao modelo Série Logarítmica. Maior similaridade da composição de espécies foi observada entre as áreas de agrofloresta do que entre as áreas de hortaliças. Assim, o aumento da diversificação da vegetação e menor perturbação e exploração das propriedades rurais pelas práticas agrícolas afetaram positivamente a riqueza e a diversidade de insetos, contribuindo, dessa forma, para a manutenção local das espécies. As diferentes práticas de manejo adotadas nos sistemas de produção de hortaliças, que exigem trato cultural intensivo e rápida substituição da vegetação cultivada, contrapõem-se aos de agrofloresta e podem afetar não somente o desempenho das culturas, mas também o funcionamento natural do agroecossistema. O objetivo foi avaliar como sistemas de produção de hortaliças e de agrofloresta afetam os grupos funcionais de herbívoros e predadores/parasitoides em relação à abundância, à riqueza e à diversidade de espécies. A diversidade dos grupos funcionais foi afetada positivamente pelo aumento da complexidade estrutural da vegetação e menor intensidade e frequência de distúrbios da agrofloresta. Adicionalmente, nas áreas de agrofloresta, os valores de abundância, riqueza e diversidade se mostraram semelhantes. Um padrão sazonal foi observado para os inimigos naturais, com maior abundância ocorrendo no período que corresponde ao final da estação chuvosa e início da estação seca. A riqueza e a diversidade dos grupos funcionais foram afetadas positivamente com o aumento da diversificação estrutural da vegetação e a menor perturbação e exploração das áreas cultivadas e negativamente na abundância de herbívoros com a simplificação do sistema (monocultivo de hortaliças). Assim, efeitos combinados com o aumento da diversidade de vegetação e de inimigos naturais podem contribuir para os serviços ecológicos, principalmente no controle natural de insetos fitófagos, contribuindo para a manutenção e o funcionamento dos agroecossistemas. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe composition of insect community is constantly altered by vegetation management practices, changing both the number of species and their relative abundance in agricultural systems. The aim of this chapter was to evaluate the effects of plants diversification, the intensity of disturbance and exploitation of farms in the abundance, richness, diversity and composition of insect communities, we also evaluated locally, between the systems of vegetable production and agroforestry of each farm. The study was conducted on four farms at different stages of agroecological transition, in Federal District, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly, directly over the plants, between the years of 2009 and 2010. Insect communities were less abundant and had more richness, diversity and evenness in the most diverse vegetation and with less disturbance and exploitation farms. The species distribution abundance was best fit to the logarithmic series model. Greater similarity in species composition was observed between the agroforestry areas over vegetable areas. Thus, the increased diversification of vegetation and less disturbance and exploitation of farms by agricultural practices positively affected the richness and diversity of insects, contributing to the maintenance of local species. Different management practices adopted in vegetable farming, which require intensive agricultural practices and quick crop replacement, contrast to the management practices adopted in agroforestry. This can affect not only crops performance, but also the functioning of the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to evaluate how vegetable production systems and agroforestry affect the functional groups of herbivores and predators/parasitoids regarding the abundance, richness and diversity of species. The diversity of functional groups was positively affected by an increase of structural complexity of the vegetation and lower intensity and frequency of disturbance in the agroforestry areas. Additionally, in the areas of agroforestry, the values of abundance, richness and diversity were similar. A seasonal pattern was observed for natural enemies, with the highest abundance in the end of the rainy season and early dry season. The richness and diversity of functional groups were positively affected by the increase of the structural diversity of vegetation and less disturbance and exploitation of cultivated areas and were negatively affected on the abundance of herbivores due to a simplification of the system (vegetables monoculture). Thus, the combined effects of increasing vegetation diversity and natural enemies can contribute to ecological services, especially the natural control of phytophagous insects, contributing to the maintenance and functioning of ecosystems

Comparative morphology of the spermathecae of some species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy and Cochliomyia Townsend (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

Comparative morphology of the spermathecae of some species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy and Cochliomyia Townsend (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Little is known about the morphology of the chitinized structures of the spermathecae of the Calliphoridae. In this work, the spermathecae of Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann, 1819, C. megacephala Fabricius, 1794, Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius, 1775 and C. hominivorax Coquerel, 1858 are described and illustrated. The occurrence in one species of four spermathecae, an atypical form for blow flies, was recorded for the first time. The analysis of these structures will allow a better understanding of this group as well as provide taxonomic characters for future phylogenetic studies.<br>Morfologia comparada das espermatecas de espécies de Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy e Cochliomyia Townsend (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Pouco se conhece sobre a morfologia das estruturas quitinizadas das espermatecas de Calliphoridae. Nesse trabalho as espermatecas de Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann, 1819, C. megacephala Fabricius, 1794, Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius, 1775 e C. hominivorax Coquerel, 1858 são descritas e ilustradas. Foi registrada pela primeira vez a ocorrência em uma espécie com quatro espermatecas, uma forma atípica em califorídeos. A análise dessas estruturas possibilitará uma melhor compreensão do grupo e fornecerá caracteres taxonômicos para futuros estudos filogenéticos

Micropeza dactyloptera Harterreiten-Souza, Sujii & Pujol-Luz, 2014, sp. n.

&lt;i&gt;Micropeza dactyloptera&lt;/i&gt;, sp. n. &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 1&ndash;7)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology&lt;/b&gt;. The specific epithet refers to the Greek words &lt;i&gt;daktylos&lt;/i&gt; (=finger) + &lt;i&gt;pteron&lt;/i&gt; (=wing). It is allusive to a finger-shaped projection on the basal third of the costal vein in males.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Male&lt;/b&gt;. (Fig. 1&ndash;5) Body length, 6.7&ndash;9.1 mm. &lt;i&gt;Head.&lt;/i&gt; Dorsal view, the anterior region of mesofrons, parafrons and lunule orange to brownish; front view, parafrons and parafacial pale yellow with fine silver setulae; lateral view, paracephala and gena pale yellow (with small bristles sparse), occiput black; mouthparts brownish; ocellar triangle brown; antenna brown with some large and small bristles black, arista brownish with bristles on basal third; inner and outer-vertical bristles, postvertical bristles black, well developed and nearly the same size. &lt;i&gt;Thorax.&lt;/i&gt; General coloring black; pronotum pale yellow, disc of thorax and scutellum black; prosternum pale yellow; in lateral view, yellow macules on anepisternum, katepisternum and metakatepisternum; one notopleural, supra-alar, postalar and two scutellar apical bristles, all black.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Leg.&lt;/i&gt; Fore coxa black, trochanter yellow, femur yellow with apical half black, tibia, tarsus black; mid coxa and trochanter yellow, femur yellow with three black bands, tibia yellow with apex black, with a dense and long pilosity distally (Fig. 2), tarsus black; hind coxa and trochanter black, femur yellow with three black bands, tibia yellow with apex black, two rows of bristles, tarsus black.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Wing.&lt;/i&gt; Hyaline or banded, costal vein densely hairy, on basal third the C vein have a finger-shaped projection (Fig. 3), with small spines in the apex; R1, in dorsal view, with 8&ndash;10 setae long and sparse; r2 +3 with darker brown longitudinal macula underlying costal vein; r4+5 closed, forming a petiole.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Abdomen&lt;/i&gt;. Black and pale yellow in proximal portion of the first tergite and distal in others; sternites black with lateral margin pale yellow.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Terminalia&lt;/i&gt;. Sternite 5 with one pair of claspers with one strong and long hair apically and margin setose (Figs. 4&ndash;5).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Female&lt;/b&gt;. (Fig. 6-7) Body length, 6.2&ndash;9.1 mm. Similar to the male, except by absence of the finger-shaped projection in the costal vein and the long hairs on the mid tibia; ovipositor black and slender tapering towards apex; spermathecae small, rounded, one single and one pair (Fig.7); ducts long.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type material&lt;/b&gt;. The male HOLOTYPE is housed in the Cole&ccedil;&atilde;o Entomol&oacute;gica do Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade de Bras&iacute;lia (CEZUB), Bras&iacute;lia-DF, Brazil, and labeled: Brazil, Distrito Federal, Parano&aacute;, 47&ordm; 38' 13&quot; W, 15&ordm; 49' 42&quot; S, 01/12/2009, Sevilha, E. col. [white label], UNB 012937 [white label]; Holotipo [red label]. The specimen is in excellent condition although the right antenna is broken.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined&lt;/b&gt;. PARATYPES, 54 males, 53 females. Brazil, &lt;b&gt;Distrito Federal&lt;/b&gt;, Ceil&acirc;ndia, 48&ordm; 15' 09&quot; W, 15 49' 25&quot; S, 04/10/2011, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012938, 1 male; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 23/11/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012939, 1 male; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 04/12/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012940 &ndash; UNB 012941, 2 male; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 23/ 03/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012942, 1 female; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 26/10/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012943, 1 female; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 18/12/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012944, 1 female; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 11/01/2013, Sevilha, E, Col., UNB 012945, 1 male; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 07/12/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012946 &ndash; UNB 012947, 2 females; Ceil&acirc;ndia, 07/12/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012948, 1 female; Parano&aacute;, 47&ordm; 38' 13&quot; W, 15&ordm; 49' 42&quot; S, 08/01/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012949 &ndash; UNB 012950, 2 males; Parano&aacute;, 06/10/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012951 &ndash; UNB 012952, 2 females; Parano&aacute;, 47&deg; 38' 27&quot; W, 15&deg; 45' 42&quot; S, 06/12/2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012953, 1 male; Parano&aacute;, 06/12/ 2012, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012954, 1 male; Planaltina, 47&ordm; 44' 27&quot; W, 15 34' 39&quot; S, 09/10/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012955 &ndash; UNB 012956, 2 males; Planaltina, 03/11/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012957, 1 male; Planaltina, 11/ 11/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012958, 1 male; Planaltina, 04/12/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012959, 1 male; Planaltina, 08/01/2010, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012960 &ndash; UNB 012962, 3 males; Planaltina, 17/01/2011, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012963 &ndash; UNB 012975, 13 males; Planaltina, 30/06/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012976, 1 female; Planaltina, 09/10/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012977 &ndash; UNB 012982, 6 females; Planaltina, 04/12/2009, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012983 &ndash; UNB 012985, 3 females; Planaltina, 08/01/2010, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012986 &ndash; UNB 012991, 6 females; Planaltina, 17/01/2011, Sevilha, E. Col., UNB 012992 &ndash; UNB 012998, 7 females. &lt;b&gt;Goi&aacute;s&lt;/b&gt;, Corumb&aacute;, F. [Fazenda] Monjolinho, 11- [1] 945, MZUSP 1612&ndash; MZUSP 1632, 20 males, MZUSP 1633&ndash; MZUSP 1644, 12 females, Barretto col.; &lt;b&gt;Paran&aacute;&lt;/b&gt;, Curumb&aacute;, 20.XI.1946, E. Rabello col., MZUSP 1645&ndash; MZUSP 1648, 4 males, MZUSP 1649&ndash; MZUSP 1658, 10 females.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Taxonomic note&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;i&gt;M. dactyloptera&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. n.&lt;/b&gt; is easily distinguished from the other species of the genus by the presence of a finger-shaped projection on the costal vein of the male wing. This feature represents a sexual dimorphism for this species. The female diagnostic characters are the color patterns of the body, which is similar to male&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Records of geographic distribution&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Brazil&lt;/b&gt;: Goi&aacute;s, Distrito Federal, Paran&aacute;.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Harterreiten-Souza, Érica Sevilha, Sujii, Edison Ryoiti &amp; Pujol-Luz, José Roberto, 2014, A new species of the genus Micropeza Meigen (Diptera: Micropezidae) from Brazil, pp. 392-396 in Zootaxa 3827 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 394-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.3.9, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/228008"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/228008&lt;/a&gt

A List of Current Valid Blow Fly Names (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Americas South of Mexico with Key to the Brazilian Species

Os califorídeos constituem uma família heterogênea encontrada em todas as regiões zoogeográficas, com mais de 1.000 espécies e 150 gêneros. As moscas-varejeiras possuem grande importância médica e veterinária, e podem ainda ser utilizadas nas ciências forenses, principalmente para estimar o intervalo pós-morte. Apesar da sua vasta distribuição e importância, o grupo apresenta muitos problemas taxonômicos e diversos registros conflitantes no tocante ao número de espécies presentes na região Neotropical. Neste artigo nós listamos todas as espécies de Calliphoridae encontradas nas Américas ao sul do México, baseadas em registros na literatura entre os anos de 1960 e 2012. Existem 29 gêneros e 99 espécies reconhecidas e distribuídas em sete subfamílias: Calliphorinae (três gêneros e oito espécies), Chrysomyinae (sete gêneros e 28 espécies), Luciliinae (um gênero e 17 espécies), Mesembrinellinae (nove gêneros e 33 espécies), Polleniinae (um gênero e uma espécie), Rhiniinae (um gênero e uma espécie) e Toxotarsinae (sete gêneros e 11 espécies). Uma chave de identificação para as espécies que ocorrem no Brasil é apresentada.The calliphorids flies comprise a heterogenous family found in all zoogeographical regions, with over 1,000 species and 150 genera described. The blow flies have a great medical and veterinary importance, and can be use in forensic science, especially in order to estimate the postmortem interval. Despite its wide distribution and importance, the group presents many taxonomic problems, and many conflicting records regarding the number of species in the Neotropical Region. In this paper, we list all species of Calliphoridae found in the Americas south of Mexico, based on reports in the literature between the years 1960 and 2012. There are 29 genera and 99 species recognized distributed in seven subfamilies: Calliphorinae (three genera and eight species), Chrysomyinae (seven genera and 28 species), Luciliinae (one genus and 17 species), Mesembrinellinae (nine genera and 33 species), Polleniinae (one genus and one species), Rhiniinae (one genus and one species), and Toxotarsinae (seven genera and 11 species). An identification key for the species that occur in Brazil is presented

Spatial dynamic and spillover of the polyphagous pest Bemisia tabaci is influenced by differences in farmland habitats on tropical organic farms

The interplay between natural, non-cropped, and cropped habitats affects insect movement in the landscape. Polyphagous, highly mobile pests are more likely to cross habitat-edges and colonize crops. However, local differences within habitats can affect pest populations and modulate their broad response to the landscape. We investigated how different habitat types influence the spatiotemporal dynamics and spillover of a polyphagous pest on tropical organic vegetable farms. We simultaneously sampled the abundance of the worldwide pest Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on crops, fallow areas, agroforests, and forests fragments on five farms for two years. This whitefly species achieved higher population growth rates in open-field habitats (mostly crops), where resources are more easily found and concentrated. The lack of density dependence on population growth suggests that migration drives habitat occupancy. Crops were the main source of individuals to other habitat types, while agroforests and forest fragments (both sink and stepping-stones habitats) are most likely temporary habitats for whiteflies where they face a populational bottleneck. Regardless of habitat features, higher precipitation and low temperatures independently regulated population densities throughout seasons. Fragmented agricultural landscapes reduced bottom-up effects of forests and facilitated whitefly infestation on crops due to edge effects. In summary, the source-sink dynamics of whiteflies was largely determined by sink habitats that differ in local characteristics and management but was also influenced by landscape type. These findings indicate that the farmland habitat scale was adequate to integrate the scale-dependent processes operating on different spatial (local and landscape) and temporal (seasonality) scales on pest populations

The role of integrating agroforestry and vegetable planting in structuring communities of herbivorous insects and their natural enemies in the Neotropical region

The integration of agroforestry plots with ephemeral crops such as vegetables on the farm scale can probably serve as a refuge and source of beneficial insects. Therefore, agroforestry systems possibly represent an alternative that favors ecosystem services and help growers in the transition process from conventional to agro-ecological agriculture. This study aimed to understand the role of introducing agroforestry systems in structuring insect communities, with consequences for the abundance of herbivore and natural enemies, contributing to farm management and favoring biological control as an ecosystem service. Field surveys showed that agroforestry systems can harbor more species than horticultural crops, independent of the functional group. They also contain a greater diversity of herbivores and an even greater diversity profile of natural enemy communities. Agroforestry systems served as a source of natural enemies that can colonize horticultural crops when herbivores are present. As a consequence, natural enemies can establish a numerical response to herbivore abundance, but their communities are also affected by stochastic factors related to climatic conditions. Thus, agroforestry systems and agro-ecological practices might favor an agriculture based on the maintenance and conservation of ecosystem services

Spatiotemporal dynamics of active flying Diptera predators among different farmland habitats

1 Farmland habitats comprise an arrangement of cropped, uncropped and natural vegetation among the farms. Despite the differences in these habitats' features, generalist highly mobile predators are more likely to explore them in time and space. 2 We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of the species of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) in organic vegetable farms because they are one of the most abundant generalist highly mobile predators in Brazilian agroecosystems. 3 We simultaneously sampled the abundance of Condylostylus Bigot and Chrysotus Loew adults (both Dolichopodidae) in the crop, fallow areas, agroforests and forest fragments within five organic farms for 2 years. 4 Predators preferred open‐field habitats to agroforests and forest fragments. Probably, open‐field habitats present more opportunities to prey foraging, resulting in higher population densities. 5 To the extent that abiotic conditions become more restrictive during the dry season, agroforests and forests act as breeding sites and shelter, thereby maintaining the predators' populations in the overall farmland habitat. 6 Both predatory genera occupy habitats with distinct features across time, forming a dynamic and contiguous population unit within the farm. Therefore, conservation biological control strategies in organic crops should consider the role of agroforests and forest fragments in species conservation beyond the plot level