Explosive Welding of Tubular Configurated Joints for Critical Applications

Explosive welding can provide the answer to problems of permanently joining metals typically used in the aerospace industry. The explosive bonding process is a solid state bonding process enabling material incompatibility problems associated with fusion welding to be overcome. In addition, heat affected zones are eliminated thus, enhancing joint strength, properties and performance. The process requires the parts being joined to be impelled, by means of explosives, to collide with each other. Certain critical collision parameters must be met and controlled and these parameters are defined. Various component geometries which satisfy the collision parameters are described. Examples of transition joints used in the aerospace industry are described and illustrated

Realism and resources: Towards more explanatory economic evaluation

ArticleThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.To be successfully and sustainably adopted, policy-makers, service managers and practitioners want public programmes to be affordable and cost-effective, as well as effective. While the realist evaluation question is often summarised as what works for whom, under what circumstances, we believe the approach can be as salient to answering questions about resource use, costs and cost-effectiveness - the traditional domain of economic evaluation methods. This paper first describes the key similarities and differences between economic evaluation and realist evaluation. It summarises what health economists see as the challenges of evaluating complex interventions, and their suggested solutions. We then use examples of programme theory from a recent realist review of shared care for chronic conditions to illustrate two ways in which realist evaluations might better capture the resource requirements and resource consequences of programmes, and thereby produce explanations of how they are linked to outcomes (i.e. explanations of cost-effectiveness)The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Rebecca Hardwick’s time on this research was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula at the Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The funding body had no role in the design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Research use and Knowledge mobilisation in third sector organisations involved in health care provision

Third sector organisations (TSOs) provide health care in the UK's NHS and other health systems. One of their perceived strengths is distinctive knowledge of the communities with which they work but little is known about the knowledge TSOs possess, how it is developed and used, and how this relates to research-based knowledge. The objective of this PhD is to explore how and why third sector organisations use research and other kinds of knowledge in their work. Scientific Realism (Pawson, 2013) was used to develop causal mechanisms and contexts, in the form of programme theory, to explore the processes of knowledge use. A scoping review, a pilot of a survey tool, and two case studies were used to develop programme theory and to address the research questions. I found that in the healthcare TSOs studied, knowledge encompasses tacit as well as explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge (“know-that”) tends to be used to prove to external organisations the effectiveness of the TSO or to support organisational development; tacit knowledge (“know-how”) is used by the staff to support clients and users of services to develop knowledge of ‘what works for me’. This tacit knowledge is the distinctive knowledge that TSOs possess. It is mobilised through formal and informal relational processes. I found staff personalised knowledge to individual service-users based on individual and organisational values, implicitly integrating different kinds of knowledge in order to contribute to the benefit and flourishing of all. These findings have implications for TSOs, service commissioners, researchers, and research funders. We need to pay attention to how values influence knowledge use and enable the distinctive knowledge of TSOs to be put into practice

Patterns and trends in entrepreneurial network literature: 1993-2003

This paper reflects the increasing interest in entrepreneurial networking. Indeed Monsted (1995) suggests that networking is now a vogue concept in the entrepreneurship field. The popularity of the network theme has resulted in an increasing number of publications. Our study is an attempt to first quantify the growth in network research, as indicated by published papers. It then attempts to provide a guide to developments in network publications

Behind bars: the truth about drugs in prisons

The consumption and dealing of drugs has long been a criminal offence, so how are drugs finding their way into prisons that are meant to be secure places of law enforcement? To be able to confront the problem, an in-depth understanding is needed on the current situation of drugs within prisons. This review focuses on three aspects, firstly looking at the main ways drugs are trafficked into prisons, secondly looking at the issues linked to the use of drugs within prisons and finally evaluating what is being done to try to tackle the problem. Drugs find their way into prisons in numerous ways, which causes problems for the prison system. Prison officials need to be able to keep up with the creative and inventive ways inmates are developing to traffic drugs into prisons. A third of prisoners in England and Wales claimed it was easier to get hold of drugs in prison than it was outside. This undermines prison security and creates problems with violence together being linked with reoffending. Two in five prisoners in England and Wales are known to commit offences in order to get funds to purchase drugs. Health risks are created by inmates sharing syringes, leading to the transmission of infectious diseases. This in turn causes the costs of treatments and detection methods to spiral out of control. Governments are constantly trying to proactively find ways to tackle drugs in prison; these include the use of sniffer dogs and employing more thorough searches by staff. But more needs to be done to eradicate drugs completely

Algorithms for response adaptive sampling designs

An experimental design is a formula or algorithm that specifies how resources are to be utilized throughout a study. The design is considered to be good or even optimal if it allows for sufficiently precise and accurate data analysis with the least output of resources such as time, money and experimental units. Most experimental designs use fixed sampling procedures in which the sample sizes and order of allocations to different study groups are known in advance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64301/1/25_ftp.pd

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of shared care: protocol for realist review

BACKGROUND: Shared care (an enhanced information exchange over and above routine outpatient letters) is commonly used to improve care coordination and communication between a specialist and primary care services for people with long-term conditions. Evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of shared care is mixed. Informed decision-making for targeting shared care requires a greater understanding of how it works, for whom it works, in what contexts and why. This protocol outlines how realist review methods can be used to synthesise evidence on shared care for long-term conditions. A further aim of the review is to explore economic evaluations of shared care. Economic evaluations are difficult to synthesise due to problems in accounting for contextual differences that impact on resource use and opportunity costs. Realist review methods have been suggested as a way to overcome some of these issues, so this review will also assess whether realist review methods are amenable to synthesising economic evidence. METHODS/DESIGN: Database and web searching will be carried out in order to find relevant evidence to develop and test programme theories about how shared care works. The review will have two phases. Phase 1 will concentrate on the contextual conditions and mechanisms that influence how shared care works, in order to develop programme theories, which partially explain how it works. Phase 2 will focus on testing these programme theories. A Project Reference Group made up of health service professionals and people with actual experience of long-term conditions will be used to ground the study in real-life experience. Review findings will be disseminated through local and sub-national networks for integrated care and long-term conditions. DISCUSSION: This realist review will explore why and for whom shared care works, in order to support decision-makers working to improve the effectiveness of care for people outside hospital. The development of realist review methods to take into account cost and cost-effectiveness evidence is particularly innovative and challenging, and if successful will offer a new approach to synthesising economic evidence. This systematic review protocol is registered on the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42012002842)

Duo-check valve, 2-inch mission valve and Pump Company part number 15BVFCC1C, NASA DRAWING number 75Mo4406 PCV-2 Test report

Testing and evaluation of 2-inch duo-check valve for Saturn IB progra

Measurements of some parameters of thermal sparks with respect to their ability to ignite aviation fuel/air mixtures

A method used to generate thermal sparks for experimental purposes and methods by which parameters of the sparks, such as speed, size, and temperature, were measured are described. Values are given of the range of such parameters within these spark showers. Titanium sparks were used almost exclusively, since it is particles of this metal which are found to be ejected during simulation tests to carbon fiber composite (CFC) joints. Tests were then carried out in which titanium sparks and spark showers were injected into JP4/(AVTAG F40) mixtures with air. Single large sparks and dense showers of small sparks were found to be capable of causing ignition. Tests were then repeated using ethylene/air mixtures, which were found to be more easily ignited by thermal sparks than the JP4/ air mixtures