Wer plant die Planung? – Widersprüche in Theorie und Praxis

Der Schweizer Soziologe Lucius Burckhardt stellte bereits im Jahr 1974 die Frage nach den Verantwortlichkeiten und Rollenbildern im Planungsprozess, insbesondere der Stadtplanung. Zwar wurden seitdem die Prozesse in der Planung adaptiert und in letzter Zeit verstärkt mit Partizipationselementen bestückt, die Frage „Wer plant die Planung?“ zu stellen, bleibt bei alldem nicht nur gerechtfertigt, sondern zwangsweise notwendig. Beschleunigungsprozesse und Ökonomisierungszwang beeinflussen möglicherweise Planungsprozesse in einem Ausmaß, die die Kluft zwischen Verantwortung, Verantwortlichkeiten, Bedürfnissen und Notwendigkeiten nicht langsam schließen, sondern diese vergrößern. Maßgeblich für eine (öffentliche) Diskussion ist, dass diese Kluft überhaupt wahrgenommen wird. Eine breite Diskussion der Öffentlichkeit in ihrem Bewusstsein als Öffentlichkeit mit dem Stadtbild findet nach wie vor nicht statt. Die Rollen der PolitikerInnen und PlanerInnen scheinen klar vorgegeben und stehen oftmals in einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis (Unabhängigkeit vs. Aufträge). Der Planende muss den Grad der Komplexität zwangsläufig vereinfachen. Dabei reduziert er die Realität auf das (für ihn) „Wesentliche“- er sieht das, was er gelernt hat zu sehen. Aus der Summe des ausgeschlossenen, vermeintlich Unwesentlichen, entstehen jedoch neue Probleme, die oftmals auch außerhalb der subjektiven (und intersubjektiven) Wirklichkeit liegen. Die Relevanz übergeordneter (politischer) Zielsetzungen auf den Planungsprozess und die Notwendigkeit einer Zielhierarchie werden diskutiert. Eine Rangordnung der Werte wird höchstens implizit auf pragmatischer und projektbezogener Ebene ersichtlich und die Diskussion über eine Veränderung der Wertehierarchie findet - meist konsensorientiert - zwischen Politik-, Verwaltungs- und PlanerInnen-Ebene statt. Das Resultat finden wir zum Teil in Form eines technokratischen Pragmatismus im öffentlichen Raum wieder, der Formen menschlicher Qualitäten und Ansprüche pervertiert

Scientific results of the Bryotrop expedition to Zaire and Rwanda : 7., life strategies of epiphytic bryophytes from tropical lowland and montane forests, ericaceous woodlands and the Dendrosenecio subpáramo of the eastern Congo basin and the adjacent mountains (Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega/Zaire, Forêt de Nyungwe/Rwanda)

Life strategies of epiphytic bryophytes are studied along an altitudinal gradient from the eastern Congo basin (tropical lowland zone) to the mountains of the East-African graben (tropical subalpine/alpine Zone; BRYOTROP III-transect). Three strategies, Colonists, Perennial shuttle species and Perennial stayers can be observed, which are further subdivided according to their reproduction tactic (high sexual reproductive effort, high asexual reproductive effort, moderately or low sexual and asexual reproductive effort). Of these, only taxa with a long life span (perennials) are of importance, indicating the unchanging and constant ecological conditions and long-lasting microsites, provided by the epiphytic habitats. The basis for the life strategy pattern analysis along the altitudinal gradient were plant sociological investigations and the determination of the mean percentage cover values for the different life strategy categories. By this, the distribution and occurrence of the different strategies within the communities and the altitudinal zones can be shown

Impacts of Sustainable Transportation on City Tourism: a case of Chatuchak Market in Thailand

The paper describes the interdependences in transport between tourists, local customers and store owners in Chatuchak Market (Thailand). It is the most famous market in Thailand and is located in the center of Bangkok nearby the Northeastern Bus Terminal. A mass transit system was launched in Bangkok in late 1990s as Sky train (BTS) and Bangkok underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) was implemented in the beginning of the year 2000. These transport systems have played an important role for economic growth in Bangkok, particularly for shopping destinations that were promoted along the BTS and MRT lines and become good examples of environmentally friendly transport of densely populated city of Bangkok. The effective mass transport system is fundamental to destination development and generates visitors and business. Tourism is the key benefit on the economics of the Chatuchak weekend market and local customers. Mass transit systems and services are providing effective accessibility for this weekend market. The market area with more than 15,000 stores and more than 200,000 people is designed for Pedestrians. Analysis of the transport behavior of the market visitors shows that 63% of the visitors respondents traveled to the market by public transport (Buses, BTS, MRT, public van). In addition, 24% of the respondents arrived by taxi and 2 % used the Tuk tuk (three wheels vehicle with roof). The other visitors walked or used their car, bicycle or motorcycle. 39 % used more than 15 minutes and 16% used less than 5 minutes to walk into the market. Furthermore, visitors were asked to assess the satisfaction of 12 principles and 12 important issues to engage the transport for accessing the market. The important variables were linked to the public transport intensity and existing infrastructure surrounding the market. The second target group of this study are store owners. The analysis shows that 60 % of the store owners traveled to the market by car, 12 % of the respondents used Tuk Tuk and taxi . The market is designed as a car free environment. During opening hours no car is allowed to enter. The paper shows these important preconditions for the high share of public transport and describes the quality of connecting infrastructure for a car free accessibility of Chatuchak market

Crises, Rumours and Reposts: Journalists’ Social Media Content Gathering and Verification Practices in Breaking News Situations

Social media (SoMe) platforms provide potentially important information for news journalists during everyday work and in crisis-related contexts. The aims of this study were (a) to map central journalistic challenges and emerging practices related to using SoMe for collecting and validating newsworthy content; and (b) to investigate how practices may contribute to a user-friendly design of a web-based SoMe content validation toolset. Interviews were carried out with 22 journalists from three European countries. Information about journalistic work tasks was also collected during a crisis training scenario (N = 5). Results showed that participants experienced challenges with filtering and estimating trustworthiness of SoMe content. These challenges were especially due to the vast overall amount of information, and the need to monitor several platforms simultaneously. To support improved situational awareness in journalistic work during crises, a user-friendly tool should provide content search results representing several media formats and gathered from a diversity of platforms, presented in easy-to-approach visualizations. The final decision-making about content and source trustworthiness should, however, remain as a manual journalistic task, as the sample would not trust an automated estimation based on tool algorithms.Peer reviewe

Aurora in the Polar Cap: A Review

This paper reviews our current understanding of auroral features that appear poleward of the main auroral oval within the polar cap, especially those that are known as Sun-aligned arcs, transpolar arcs, or theta auroras. They tend to appear predominantly during periods of quiet geomagnetic activity or northwards directed interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We also introduce polar rain aurora which has been considered as a phenomenon on open field lines. We describe the morphology of such auroras, their development and dynamics in response to solar wind-magnetosphere coupling processes, and the models that have been developed to explain them

Automated determination of auroral breakup during the substorm expansion phase using all sky imager data

This technique paper describes a novel method for quantitatively and routinely identifying auroral breakup following substorm onset using the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms (THEMIS) all-sky imagers (ASIs). Substorm onset is characterised by a brightening of the aurora that is followed by auroral poleward expansion and auroral breakup. This breakup can be identified by a sharp increase in the auroral intensity i(t) and the time derivative of auroral intensity i'(t). Utilising both i(t) and i'(t) we have developed an algorithm for identifying the time interval and spatial location of auroral breakup during the substorm expansion phase within the field of view of ASI data based solely on quantifiable characteristics of the optical auroral emissions. We compare the time interval determined by the algorithm to independently identified auroral onset times from three previously published studies. In each case the time interval determined by the algorithm is within error of the onset independently identified by the prior studies. We further show the utility of the algorithm by comparing the breakup intervals determined using the automated algorithm to an independent list of substorm onset times. We demonstrate that up to 50% of the breakup intervals characterised by the algorithm are within the uncertainty of the times identified in the independent list. The quantitative description and routine identification of an interval of auroral brightening during the substorm expansion phase provides a foundation for unbiased statistical analysis of the aurora to probe the physics of the auroral substorm as a new scientific tool for aiding the identification of the processes leading to auroral substorm onset

Strong ionospheric field‐aligned currents for radial interplanetary magnetic fields

The present work has investigated the configuration of field‐aligned currents (FACs) during a long period of radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on 19 May 2002 by using high‐resolution and precise vector magnetic field measurements of CHAMP satellite. During the interest period IMF B y and B z are weakly positive and B x keeps pointing to the Earth for almost 10 h. The geomagnetic indices D s t is about −40 nT and AE about 100 nT on average. The cross polar cap potential calculated from Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics and derived from DMSP observations have average values of 10–20 kV. Obvious hemispheric differences are shown in the configurations of FACs on the dayside and nightside. At the south pole FACs diminish in intensity to magnitudes of about 0.1 μA/m 2 , the plasma convection maintains two‐cell flow pattern, and the thermospheric density is quite low. However, there are obvious activities in the northern cusp region. One pair of FACs with a downward leg toward the pole and upward leg on the equatorward side emerge in the northern cusp region, exhibiting opposite polarity to FACs typical for duskward IMF orientation. An obvious sunward plasma flow channel persists during the whole period. These ionospheric features might be manifestations of an efficient magnetic reconnection process occurring in the northern magnetospheric flanks at high latitude. The enhanced ionospheric current systems might deposit large amount of Joule heating into the thermosphere. The air densities in the cusp region get enhanced and subsequently propagate equatorward on the dayside. Although geomagnetic indices during the radial IMF indicate low‐level activity, the present study demonstrates that there are prevailing energy inputs from the magnetosphere to both the ionosphere and thermosphere in the northern polar cusp region. Key Points A pair of strong FACs emerges with opposite polarity to DPY FACs Obvious sunward plasma flow channel persists during the period Enhanced air densities are found in the cusp regionPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/107563/1/jgra51028.pd

Correlation Between Low Frequency Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) and Auroral Structures

Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) is a radio wave emission that has long been associated with auroral activity. AKR is normally observed in the frequency range from -60 - 600 kHz. Low frequency AKR (or LF-AKR) events are characterized as a rapid extension of AKR related emissions to 30 kHz or lower in frequency for typically much less than 10 minutes. LF-AKR emissions predominantly occur within a frequency range of 20 kHz - 30 kHz, but there are LF-AKR related emissions that reach to a frequency of 5 kHz. This study correlates all instances of LF-AKR events during the first four years of observations from the IMAGE spacecraft's Radio Plasma Imager (WI) instrument with auroral observations from the wideband imaging camera (WIC) onboard IMAGE. The correlation between LF-AKR occurrence and WIC auroral observations shows that in the 295 confirmed cases of LF-AKR emissions, bifurcation of the aurora is seen in 74% of the cases. The bifurcation is seen in the dusk and midnight sectors of the auroral oval, where AKR is believed to be generated. The polarization of these LF-AKR emissions has yet to be identified. Although LF-AKR may not be the only phenomena correlated with bifurcated auroral structures, bifurcation will occur in most instances when LF-AKR is observed. The LF-AKR emissions may be an indicator of specific auroral processes sometimes occurring during storm-time conditions in which field-aligned density cavities extend a distance of perhaps 5-6 RE tailward from the Earth for a period of 10 minutes or less

Modeling and Simulation of Broadband RF Cavities in PSpice

Barrier bucket systems are planned for the SIS100 Synchrotron (part of the future accelerator facility FAIR) and the ESR storage ring to facilitate several longitudinal beam manipulations [9] [15]. In order to achieve a single-sine gap signal of the desired amplitude and quality, effects in the linear and nonlinear region of the RF systems have to be investigated and included in the design of the overall system. Therefore, the cavities and the amplifier stages are to be modeled in PSpice. In this contribution, a cavity model will be presented. In a first step, a model for the magnetic alloy (MA) ring cores, which highly account for the properties of the cavity, has been found based on measurement data. In a second step, the future setup of the cavity is systematically created using the MA ring core models. The model of the cavity allows simulations in frequency domain as well as time domain. The results show good agreement with former measurements

Input Signal Generation for Barrier Bucket RF Systems at GSI

At the GSI facility in Darmstadt, Germany, Barrier Bucket RF systems are currently designed for the SIS 100 synchrotron (part of the future FAIR facility) and the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR). The purpose of these systems is to provide single sine voltage pulses at the cavity gap. Due to the high requirements regarding the gap signal quality, the calculation of the pre-distorted input signal plays a major role in the system development. A procedure to generate the input signal based on the dynamic properties in the linear region of the system has been developed and tested at a prototype system. It was shown that this method is able to generate single sine gap signals of high quality in a wide voltage range. As linearity can only be assumed up to a certain magnitude, nonlinear effects limit the quality of the output signal at very high input levels. An approach to overcome this limit is to extend the input signal calculation to a nonlinear model of the system. In this contribution, the current method to calculate the required input signal is presented and experimental results at a prototype system are shown. Additionally, first results in the nonlinear region are presented