Un estudio comparativo de actuadores Piezoeléctricos y Magnetoestrictivos para estructuras inteligentes

[EN] This paper introduces a comparative analysis of Piezoelectric (PZ) and Magnetostrictive (MS) actuators as components in smart structures. There is an increasing interest in functional structures which are able to adapt to external or internal perturbations, i.e. changes in loading conditions or ageing. Actuator technologies must perform concomitantly as sensors and actuators to be applicable in smart structures. In this paper we will comparatively analyze the possibility of using PZ and MS actuators in smart structures and in so doing their capability to act concomitantly as sensors and of modifying their material characteristics. We will also focus on the analysis of how them can be integrated in structures and on the analysis of the most appropriate structures for each actuator. The operational performance of PZ (Stacks) and MS actuators will be compared and eventually some conclusions will be drawn.[ES] Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo de actuadores Piezoeléctricos (PZ) y Magnetoestrictivos (MS) como elementos integrantes de estructuras inteligentes. Existe un interés creciente en estructuras activas que puedan adaptarse a perturbaciones tanto internas como externas, por ejemplo, ante cambios en carga estructural o ante su envejecimiento. Para que un actuador forme parte de una estructura inteligente, debe poder actuar también como sensor. Este artículo presenta un estudio comparativo del uso de actuadores PZ y MS en estructuras inteligentes y, como consecuencia, de su habilidad para actuar y medir simultáneamente así cómo para modificar sus características mecánicas. Nos centraremos también en el análisis de como pueden integrase en estructuras y cuales son las más indicadas para cada actuador. Se compararán las características operacionales de los actuadors PZ multicapa y los MS.Peer reviewe

Blood pressure target attainment in the background of guidelines: the very elderly in Swiss primary care

Background There are only a few trials for the very elderly population (>79 years). No consensus, which blood pressure (BP) goals and substances should be applied, has been found yet. This survey was undertaken to investigate how octogenarians are treated and attain BP targets in the Swiss primary care. Methods Data from 4594 hypertensive patients were collected within 7 days. Eight hundred and seventy-seven patients met the requirement to be >79 years. We assessed substances/combinations and investigated pulse pressure and target blood pressure attainment (TBPA) using three different recommendations [Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP), Swiss Society of Hypertension (SSH), European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology (ESH-ESC)]. Secondarily, we compared TBPA attained by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/diuretic (D), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)/D and calcium channel blocker (CCB)/D with any other dual therapy and investigated whether Ds/beta-blockers (BBs) or Ds/renin angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (RAAS-Is) lead to higher TBPA. Finally, we assessed the impact of drug administration, practical work experience, location and specialization of GPs on TBPA. Results Octogenarians attained target blood pressure (TBP) between 44% (ESH-ESC) and 74% (SSH). Optimal/normal BP was reached in 22.8% of patients. Pulse pressure <65 mmHg was shown in 66.4% of patients. Monotherapy was most commonly applied followed by dual single-pill combination with ARB/D (46.5%) or ACEI/D (36.0%). No benefit in TBPA was found comparing a RAASI/D and CCB/D treatment with any other dual combination. There was also no difference between BB/D and RAAS-I/D combination therapy and between single-pill combination and dual free combinations. Conclusions GPs adhere to the use of substances proven in outcome trials and attain high TBP. No difference in meeting BP goals could be found using different drug classes. There is an unmet need to harmonize recommendations and to add additional information for the treatment of octogenarian

Functional ADA Polymorphism Increases Sleep Depth and Reduces Vigilant Attention in Humans

Homeostatically regulated slow-wave oscillations in non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep may reflect synaptic changes across the sleep-wake continuum and the restorative function of sleep. The nonsynonymous c.22G>A polymorphism (rs73598374) of adenosine deaminase (ADA) reduces the conversion of adenosine to inosine and predicts baseline differences in sleep slow-wave oscillations. We hypothesized that this polymorphism affects cognitive functions, and investigated whether it modulates electroencephalogram (EEG), behavioral, subjective, and biochemical responses to sleep deprivation. Attention, learning, memory, and executive functioning were quantified in healthy adults. Right-handed carriers of the variant allele (G/A genotype, n = 29) performed worse on the d2 attention task than G/G homozygotes (n = 191). To test whether this difference reflects elevated homeostatic sleep pressure, sleep and sleep EEG before and after sleep deprivation were studied in 2 prospectively matched groups of G/A and G/G genotype subjects. Deep sleep and EEG 0.75- to 1.5-Hz oscillations in non-REM sleep were significantly higher in G/A than in G/G genotype. Moreover, attention and vigor were reduced, whereas waking EEG alpha activity (8.5-12 Hz), sleepiness, fatigue, and α-amylase in saliva were enhanced. These convergent data demonstrate that genetic reduction of ADA activity elevates sleep pressure and plays a key role in sleep and waking quality in human

Micromagnetic investigation of domain and domain wall evolution through the spin-reorientation transition of an epitaxial NdCo5 film

The domain pattern and the domain wall microstructure throughout the spin-reorientation transition of an epitaxial NdCo5 thin film are investigated by micromagnetic simulations. The temperature-dependent anisotropy constants K1 and K2, which define the anisotropy energy term in the model, are chosen to reflect the easy axis—easy cone—easy plane spin-reorientation transition observed in epitaxial NdCo5 thin films. Starting at the high-temperature easy c-axis regime, the anisotropy constants are changed systematically corresponding to a lowering of the temperature of the system. The character of the domain walls and their profiles are analysed. The calculated domain configurations are compared to the experimentally observed temperature-dependent domain structure of an in-plane textured NdCo5 thin film

Understanding Braess’ Paradox in power grids

The ongoing energy transition requires power grid extensions to connect renewable generators to consumers and to transfer power among distant areas. The process of grid extension requires a large investment of resources and is supposed to make grid operation more robust. Yet, counter-intuitively, increasing the capacity of existing lines or adding new lines may also reduce the overall system performance and even promote blackouts due to Braess’ paradox. Braess’ paradox was theoretically modeled but not yet proven in realistically scaled power grids. Here, we present an experimental setup demonstrating Braess’ paradox in an AC power grid and show how it constrains ongoing large-scale grid extension projects. We present a topological theory that reveals the key mechanism and predicts Braessian grid extensions from the network structure. These results offer a theoretical method to understand and practical guidelines in support of preventing unsuitable infrastructures and the systemic planning of grid extensions

Understanding Braess’ Paradox in power grids

The ongoing energy transition requires power grid extensions to connect renewable generators to consumers and to transfer power among distant areas. The process of grid extension requires a large investment of resources and is supposed to make grid operation more robust. Yet, counter-intuitively, increasing the capacity of existing lines or adding new lines may also reduce the overall system performance and even promote blackouts due to Braess\u27 paradox. Braess\u27 paradox was theoretically modeled but not yet proven in realistically scaled power grids. Here, we present an experimental setup demonstrating Braess\u27 paradox in an AC power grid and show how it constrains ongoing large-scale grid extension projects. We present a topological theory that reveals the key mechanism and predicts Braessian grid extensions from the network structure. These results offer a theoretical method to understand and practical guidelines in support of preventing unsuitable infrastructures and the systemic planning of grid extensions

O2A - Data Flow Framework from Sensor Observations to Archives

The Alfred Wegener Institute coordinates German polar research and is one of the most productive polar research institutions worldwide with scientists working in both Polar Regions – a task that can only be successful with the help of excellent infrastructure and logistics. Conducting research in the Arctic and Antarctic requires research stations staffed throughout the year as the basis for expeditions and data collection. It needs research vessels, aircrafts and long-term observatories for large-scale measurements as well as sophisticated technology. In this sense, the AWI also provides this infrastructure and competence to national and international partners. To meet the challenge the AWI has been progressively developing and sustaining an e-Infrastructure for coherent discovery, visualization, dissemination and archival of scientific information and data. Most of the data originates from research activities being carried out in a wide range of sea-, airand land-based operating research platforms. Archival and publishing in PANGAEA repository along with DOI assignment to individual datasets is a pursued end-of-line step. Within AWI, a workflow for data acquisition from vessel-mounted devices along with ingestion procedures for the raw data into the institutional archives has been well established. However, the increasing number of ocean-based stations and respective sensors along with heterogeneous project-driven requirements towards satellite communication, sensor monitoring, quality control and validation, processing algorithms, visualization and dissemination has recently lead us to build a more generic and cost-effective framework, hereafter named O2A (observations to archives). The main strengths of our framework (https://www.awi.de/en/data-flow) are the seamless flow of sensor observation to archives and the fact that it complies with internationally used OGC standards and assuring interoperability in international context (e.g. SOS/SWE, WMS, WFS, etc.). O2A comprises several extensible and exchangeable modules (e.g. controlled vocabularies and gazetteers, file type and structure validation, aggregation solutions, processing algorithms, etc.) as well as various interoperability services. We are providing integrated tools for standardized platform, device and sensor descriptions following SensorML (https://sensor.awi.de), automated near-real time and “big data” data streams supporting SOS and O&M and dashboards allowing data specialists to monitor their data streams for trends and early detection of malfunction of sensors (https://dashboard.awi.de). Also in the context of the “Helmholtz Data Federation” with outlook towards the European Open Science Cloud we are developing a cloud-based workspace providing user-friendly solutions for data storage on petabyte-scale and state-of-the-art computing solutions (Hadoop, Spark, Notebooks, rasdaman, etc.) to support scientists in collaborative data analysis and visualization activities including geo-information systems (http://maps.awi.de). Our affiliated repositories offer archival and long-term preservation as well as publication solutions for data, data products, publications, presentations and field reports (https://www.pangaea.de, https://epic.awi.de)

SENSOR.awi.de: Management of heterogeneous platforms and sensors

SENSOR.awi.de is a component of our data flow framework designed to enable a semi-automated flow of sensor observations to archives (acronym O2A). The dramatic increase in the number and type of platforms and respective sensors operated by Alfred Wegener Institute along with complex project-driven requirements in terms of satellite communication, sensor monitoring, quality control and validation, processing pipelines, visualization, and archival under FAIR principles, led us to build a generic and cost-effective data flow framework. Most important, all components and services which make up this framework are extensible and exchangeble, were built using open access technologies (e.g. elastic search) and vocabularies (SeaVox NERC 2.0 vocabulary) and are compliant with various interoperability standards recommended by the international community. In this poster we illustrate the SENSOR.awi.de component which is the first step in the data acquisition process. In this component we have adopted the OGC standard SensorML 2.0 in oder to describe not only sensor-specific information (provenance/lineage metadata, data governance, physical characteristics, sensor positioning within the platform, parameter accuracy, etc) but also related events (e.g. station numbers as assigned in the data acquisition system on board along with actions such as deployment and recovery) and digital resources relevant for documenting the scientific workflows (e.g. calibration certificates). For this sake we have developed an AWI-specific SensorML profile and are sharing the model and as parters in the EU-funded project ODIP II we are contributing towards the generic Marine Sensor Profile. We have also been systematically sharing our experience in the RDA "Martina data Harmonization" Interest Group. In SENSOR.awi.de we are not only keen to describe sensors but also to create a sustainable identificaiton solution. Because the payload of various platforms change with time and sensor calibration may affect the data streams, it is important to keep track of these changes. For this sake we set up an audit trail history solution which allows scientists to create and identify an individual version/instance of a sensor. Each individual sensor instance and version gets assigned a handle as persistent identifier. These persistent identifiers enable the creation of citations for individual sensor instances at a given timestamp which can be used in publications and as part of the metadata associated with the final dataset and/or data product archived, e.g., in PANGAEA. To date, ~1300 sensor have been described in SENSOR.awi.de. Scientific Discipline/Research Area: Sensor Registry, Persistent Identification of Instruments, Provenance Metadata Relevance/Link to RDA: Input to/from RDA-Groups: "Persistent Identification of Instruments", "Data Citation" and "PID Kernel Information" Working Groups and "Vocabulary Services" Interest Group

Optimization of Cities through Green Spaces

� reviewed paper REAL CORP 2023 Proceedings/Tagungsband 18-20 September 2023 – https://www.corp.at ISBN 978-3-9504945-2-5. Editors: M. SCHRENK, V. V: POPOVICH, P. ZEILE, P. ELISEI, C.BEYER, J. RYSER, H. R. KAUFMANN – Ljubljana, Slovenia 575 Optimization of Cities through Green Spaces Hans Rüdiger Kaufmann, Thomas Walch, Gamze Ünsal-Peter, Danny Westphal, Thomas Schäfer, Stefan Bley, Matthias Rädle (Hans Rüdiger Kaufmann, University of Applied Management Studies; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) (Thomas Walch, Factory Agency; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) (Gamze Ünsal-Peter, Hochschule Mannheim; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) (Danny Westphal, Hochschule Mannheim; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) (Thomas Schäfer, Hochschule Mannheim; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) (Stefan Bley, City of Mannheim; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) (Matthias Rädle, Hochschule Mannheim; Mannheim, DE; [email protected]) 1 ABSTRACT In general, the trend prevailed in recent years that the effects of civilization's interventions in environmental conditions have not been as prominent in publications as they were before the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The Corona pandemic has focused attention on the most pressing problems in recent years, such as, in metrological terms, the dispersion of liquid aerosols. Although incidences due to Corona are still extremely high, and the number of days of illness has a massive impact on industrial and societal processes, Corona is no longer considered the No. 1 issue. This is due in particular to the lower mortality that has resulted from the immunization of the population and the attenuation of the dangerousness of the new generations of the pathogen. By pushing the topic of Corona off the front pages of journals, previously discussed priorities are increasingly resurfacing. Against this backdrop, the long ‘dead’ discussion about the occurrence and effects of particulate matter is gaining momentum again. This paper revisits a previous Real Corp conference paper (Westphal et al., 2022), in which the authors suggest and explain the contributions of an innovative measurement device (ProxiCube) developed by the City of Mannheim’s ecosystem addressing the key success factors for awarded Smart Cities and the various factors of an urban management model. This paper exemplifies the cube’s contribution by a specifically designed and conducted research experiment. In the research setting of the City of Mannheim, a city in the forefront of the Smart City movement in Germany, the empirical part of the paper comprises the parameters of liquid aerosol, dry particulate matter, CO2, humidity, temperature, pressure and light conditions which were measured by innovative and internationally awarded air quality measurement devices (ProxiCube) (see Westphal et al., 2022) simultaneously at five parallel measurement points of the city at a high data rate. With the measurement constellation, influences can be visualized such as the daily course of all these measured variables at a busy street juxtaposed to the backyard of adjacent buildings or to the building itself implying a crucial impact for the citizens’ life quality