478 research outputs found
Dilemma - An Instant Lexicographer
Dilemma is intended to enhance quality and increase productivity of expert
human translators by presenting to the writer relevant lexical information
mechanically extracted from comparable existing translations, thus replacing -
or compensating for the absence of - a lexicographer and stand-by terminologist
rather than the translator. Using statistics and crude surface analysis and a
minimum of prior information, Dilemma identifies instances and suggests their
counterparts in parallel source and target texts, on all levels down to
individual words. Dilemma forms part of a tool kit for translation where focus
is on text structure and over-all consistency in large text volumes rather than
on framing sentences, on interaction between many actors in a large project
rather than on retrieval of machine-stored data and on decision making rather
than on application of given rules. In particular, the system has been tuned to
the needs of the ongoing translation of European Community legislation into the
languages of candidate member countries. The system has been demonstrated to
and used by professional translators with promising results.Comment: 3 pages, LaTeX, in proceedings of COLING 9
Topical treatment of equine sarcoids with imiquimod 5% cream or Sanguinaria canadensis and zinc chloride - an open prospective study
Background Equine sarcoids are the most prevalent skin neoplasm in horses worldwide. Although several treatments are available, none are consistently effective and recurrence is common. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% cream andSanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride for treatment of equine sarcoids and investigate possible systemic effects on distant untreated sarcoids. Animals/Tumours Twenty-five client-owned horses with a total of 164 tumours were included in the study. Fifty-seven tumours were treated and 107 tumours were left untreated. Methods and materials Biopsies were taken from a minimum of one tumour per horse and the rest were diagnosed based on clinical appearance as likely sarcoids. Imiquimod 5% (A) was applied three times weekly, whileSanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride (X) was applied every fourth day after a six day daily initiation phase. Treatment continued until clinical remission or for a maximum of 45 weeks, with a long follow-up period (mean 34 months). Biopsies of sarcoids were re-taken before treatment termination and at follow-up if the owner gave consent. Results Complete remission was recorded in 84.4% (A) and 75.0% (X) of the tumours. Relapse was recorded in 7.3% (A) and 21.4% (X). Spontaneous remission was observed in 1.9% of untreated tumours. No systemic effect on untreated tumours was detected. During treatment varying degrees of local inflammatory reaction were common. Conclusions and clinical relevance Both treatments were considered effective and safe. Smaller tumours responded more favourably to treatment. Relapse rate was low and not observed in sarcoids with repeat biopsies before treatment termination
Randomized clinical trial of bedside ultrasound among patients with abdominal pain in the emergency department: impact on patient satisfaction and health care consumption
Background\ud
\ud
Previous research shows that surgeon-performed ultrasound for patients presenting with abdominal pain in the emergency department leads both to higher diagnostic accuracy and to other benefits. We have evaluated the level of patient satisfaction, health condition and further health care consumption after discharge from the emergency department.\ud
Methods\ud
\ud
A total of 800 patients who attended the emergency department for abdominal pain were randomized to surgeon-performed ultrasound or not as a complement to standard examination. All patients were interviewed by telephone six weeks after the visit to the emergency department using a structured questionnaire including information about health condition, satisfaction and medical examinations. A regional health register was used to check health care consumption over two years and mortality was checked for in the personal data register.\ud
Results\ud
\ud
We found a higher self-rated patient satisfaction in the ultrasound group when leaving the emergency department. After six weeks the figures were equal. There were fewer patients in the ultrasound group with completed or planned complementary examinations after six weeks (31.1%) compared with the control group (41.4%), p = 0.004. There was no difference found in the two-year health care consumption or mortality between the groups.\ud
Conclusion\ud
\ud
For patients with acute abdominal pain, bedside ultrasound examination is related to higher satisfaction and decreased short-term health care consumption. No major effects were revealed when evaluating effects on a long-term basis, including mortality. The previously proven benefit together with the lack of adverse effects from the method makes ultrasound well worth considering for implementation in emergency departments
Kyoto - ENFORMA
Ăven om mindre Ă€n 0,1 % Sveriges landareal avskogas Ă„rligen Ă€r korrekta uppgifter om den
avskogade arealen viktiga . Dels Àr denna uppgift obligatorisk vid rapportering enligt Kyoto
protokollet, dels berörs relativt stora mÀngder kol av avskogningen (ca 1 M ton C per Är). Den
lilla andelen avskogad areal gör ocksÄ att skattningen med ett systematiskt stickprov som
Riksinventeringen av skog kan fÄ stora medelfel
SkogsvÄrdsorganisationen (SVO) karterar Ärligen landets ca 50 000 nya hyggen. Karteringen
utförs pÄ de lokala SVO distrikten med hjÀlp av Ärliga satellitbilder,, avverkningsanmÀlningar
som Àr lagrade i ett geografiskt informationssystem; samt lokal-kÀnnedom och fÀltbesök. I
denna pilotstudie undersöks om SVOâs rutiner för kartering av nya avverkningar ocksĂ„ skulle
kunna anvÀndas för skattning av avskogad areal enligt Kyoto protokollet.
Resultatet frÄn ett tolkningsförsök i denna studie som utgick frÄn kÀnda förÀndringar visar att
endast 1 av 25 avskogningar missades av en tolkare som inte kÀnde till förÀndringarna i
förvÀg. Resultatet frÄn ett andra försök, dÀr förÀndringar istÀllet söktes pÄ samma sÀtt som vid
en operationell anvÀndning visade att endast 2 av 28 karterade förÀndringar vid fÀltkontroll ej
kunde anses vara förÀndringar enligt Kyoto-protokollet. Detta förutsatt att bilderna Àr
molnfria och tolkningen görs under skogsmask1. Sedan tidigare vet vi att
avgrĂ€nsningsnoggrannheten i genomsnitt Ă€r god vid kartering av avverkningar med SVOâs
ENFORMA2-verktyg för skillnadsanalys i satellitbilder. I denna studie fann vi ocksÄ att den
nuvarande versionen av ENFORMA-verktyget inte Àr lÀmpat för kartering av vÀgar. Detta Àr
naturligt, eftersom programmet har en funktion som automatiskt tar bort mycket lÄngsmala
objekt. De nya vÀgarna syns dock vÀl vid manuell tolkning av bilder frÄn tvÄ olika Är och det
finns andra program som Àr lÀmpade för en halvautomatisk kartering av dem.
I rapporten föreslÄs att karteringen av avskogningar kan göras för ett systematiskt sampel av
kartblad om 5 km * 5 km. Karteringen bör stratifieras3 med avseende pÄ nÀrhet till större
tÀtort. För de utlottade kartbladen karteras alla misstÀnkta avskogningar noggrant. Antalet
misstÀnkta avskogningar förvÀntas vara i storleksordningen 0,5 per kartblad och Är.
FörÀndringarnas orsak tolkas mot bakgrund av avverkningsanmÀlningar och lokalkÀnnedom.
För alla ÄterstÄende objekt med oklar orsak till förÀndringarna görs sedan besök i fÀlt eller sÄ
tas en kontakt med markÀgaren. Med ett sampel om 1200 kartblad, sÄ uppskattas kostnaden
för denna karatering inklusive fĂ€ltbesöken till ca 1 milj kr per Ă„r. Ăversiktliga kalkyler visar
att medelfelet för den Ärliga arealen avskogning med denna design blir ca 10 % för en 1-Ärs
mÀngd.
En alternativ möjlighet Àr att anvÀnda ett liknande förfarande för kartering av alla
avskogningar efter den första Ätagandeperioden 2008-2012. Karteringen skulle dÄ ocksÄ
kunna göras pÄ regionnivÄ inom skogsvÄrdsorganisationen. Fördelarna med detta alternativ Àr
att goda skattningar, mindre Àn 5 % medelfel frÄn sampling designen, skulle erhÄllas med en
engÄngsinsats och med fÀrre inblandade SVO tjÀnstemÀn. Nackdelarna Àr att Ärliga skattningar ej erhÄlls och att lokalkÀnnedomen hos SVO distrikten och
samordningsmöjligheterna med den Ärliga ENFORMA analysen ej tas tillvara. Eftersom
felkÀllorna Àr olika kan resultatet ocksÄ skilja mellan den RIS baserade och den ENFORMA
baserade metoden för avskogningsskattning.
1
Skogsmask Àr ett digitalt rasterdataskikt som visar vilka omrÄden som enligt LantmÀteriets allmÀnna kartor (i
skala 1:50 000 eller dÀr denna inte finns, i skala 1:100 000) rÀknas som skogsmark.
2
ENFORMA Àr ett PC baserat system för att betrakta satellitbilder och göra skillnadsanalyser mellan
satellitbilder frĂ„n olika Ă„r, det Ă€r speciellt anpassat till SVOâs Kotten system dĂ€r avverkningsanmĂ€lningar
hanteras. ENFORMA utvecklades av Rymdbolagets fjÀrranlysgrupp inom ramen för ett EU projekt och
underhÄlls av samma grupp som numera heter METRIA Miljöanalys.
3
Vid stratifiering görs ett tÀtare sampelutlÀgg inom omrÄden dÀr det kan antas finnas mera förÀndringar,
skattningarna för olika strata vÀgs sedan samman
In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures
The market of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is characterized by a high turnover and thus provides several challenges for analytical toxicology. The analysis of urine samples often requires detailed knowledge about metabolism given that parent compounds either may be present only in small amounts or may not even be excreted. Hence, knowledge of the metabolism of NPS is a prerequisite for the development of reliable analytical methods. The main aim of this work was to elucidate for the first time the pooled human liver S9 fraction metabolism of the nine d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives 1-acetyl-LSD (ALD-52), 1-propionyl-LSD (1P-LSD), 1-butyryl-LSD (1B-LSD), N6-ethyl-nor-LSD (ETH-LAD), 1-propionyl-N6-ethyl-nor-LSD (1P-ETH-LAD), N6-allyl-nor-LSD (AL-LAD), N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA), (2âČS,4âČS)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ), and lysergic acid morpholide (LSM-775) by means of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Identification of the monooxygenase enzymes involved in the initial metabolic steps was performed using recombinant human enzymes and their contribution confirmed by inhibition experiments. Overall, N-dealkylation and hydroxylation, as well as combinations of these steps predominantly catalyzed by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, were found. For ALD-52, 1P-LSD, and 1B-LSD, deacylation to LSD was observed. The obtained mass spectral data of all metabolites are essential for reliable analytical detection particularly in urinalysis and for differentiation of the LSD-like compounds as biotransformations also led to structurally identical metabolites. However, in urine of rats after the administration of expected recreational doses and using standard urine screening approaches, parent drugs or metabolites could not be detected
Association of transcript levels of 10 established or candidate-biomarker gene targets with cancerous versus non-cancerous prostate tissue from radical prostatectomy specimens
Objectives: The benefits of PSA (prostate specific antigen)-testing in prostate cancer remain controversial with a consequential need for validation of additional biomarkers. We used highly standardized reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR assays to compare transcript levels of 10 candidate cancer marker genes - BMP6, FGF-8b, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK15, MSMB, PCA3, PSCA and Trpm8 - in carefully ascertained non-cancerous versus cancerous prostate tissue from patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy. Design and methods: Total RNA was isolated from fresh frozen prostate tissue procured immediately after resection from two separate areas in each of 87 radical prostatectomy specimens. Subsequent histopathological assessment classified 86 samples as cancerous and 88 as histologically benign prostate tissue. Variation in total RNA recovery was accounted for by using external and internal standards and enabled us to measure transcript levels by RT-PCR in a highly quantitative manner. Results: Of the ten genes, there were significantly higher levels only of one of the less abundant transcripts, PCA3, in cancerous versus non-cancerous prostate tissue whereas PSCA mRNA levels were significantly lower in cancerous versus histologically benign tissue. Advanced pathologic stage was associated with significantly higher expression of KLK15 and PCA3 mRNAs. Median transcript levels of the most abundantly expressed genes (i.e. MSMB, KLK3, KLK4 and KLK2) in prostate tissue were up to 10(5)-fold higher than those of other gene targets. Conclusions: PCA3 expression was associated with advanced pathological stage but the magnitude of overexpression of PCA3 in cancerous versus non-cancerous prostate tissue was modest compared to previously reported data. (C) 2013 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
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