Hiehojen rahtikasvatuksen kannattavuus emolehmätiloilla

201

Hiehojen rahtikasvatuksen kannattavuus emolehmätiloilla

201

eMulli - Ruokinnan suunnittelu- ja tulosennusteohjelma lihanautojen loppukasvatukseen

201

Interspecific information on predation risk affects nest site choice in a passerine bird

BackgroundBreeding site choice constitutes an important part of the species niche. Nest predation affects breeding site choice, and has been suggested to drive niche segregation and local coexistence of species. Interspecific social information use may, in turn, result in copying or rejection of heterospecific niche characteristics and thus affect realized niche overlap between species. We tested experimentally whether a migratory bird, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, collects information about nest predation risk from indirect cues of predators visiting nests of heterospecific birds. Furthermore, we investigated whether the migratory birds can associate such information with a specific nest site characteristic and generalize the information to their own nest site choice.ResultsOur results demonstrate that flycatchers can use the fate of heterospecific nesting attempts in their own nest site choice, but do so selectively. Young flycatcher females, when making the decision quickly, associated the fate of an artificial nest with nest-site characteristics and avoided the characteristic associated with higher nest predation risk.ConclusionsCopying nest site choices of successful heterospecifics, and avoiding choices which led to failed attempts, may amplify or counter effects of nest predation on niche overlap, with important consequences for between-species niche divergence-convergence dynamics, species coexistence and predator-prey interactions.</div

Interspecific information on predation risk affects nest site choice in a passerine bird

Abstract Background Breeding site choice constitutes an important part of the species niche. Nest predation affects breeding site choice, and has been suggested to drive niche segregation and local coexistence of species. Interspecific social information use may, in turn, result in copying or rejection of heterospecific niche characteristics and thus affect realized niche overlap between species. We tested experimentally whether a migratory bird, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, collects information about nest predation risk from indirect cues of predators visiting nests of heterospecific birds. Furthermore, we investigated whether the migratory birds can associate such information with a specific nest site characteristic and generalize the information to their own nest site choice. Results Our results demonstrate that flycatchers can use the fate of heterospecific nesting attempts in their own nest site choice, but do so selectively. Young flycatcher females, when making the decision quickly, associated the fate of an artificial nest with nest-site characteristics and avoided the characteristic associated with higher nest predation risk. Conclusions Copying nest site choices of successful heterospecifics, and avoiding choices which led to failed attempts, may amplify or counter effects of nest predation on niche overlap, with important consequences for between-species niche divergence-convergence dynamics, species coexistence and predator-prey interactions

Hiehonkasvatuksen ulkoistaminen : opas kasvattajalle ja ulkoistajalle

vo

Hiehohotelli – hiehokasvatuksen ulkoistaminen

Maitotuotteiden kysynnän kehitys maailmanmarkkinoilla tuo uusia mahdollisuuksia suomalaiselle maidonjalostusteollisuudelle ja maidontuottajille, mutta samalla myös vakavia haasteita. Vakaan tuottajahinnan markkinoilta on siirrytty selkeästi tilanteeseen, jossa hinta vaihtelee.Tuotannon laajentaminen on keino reagoida nousevaan hintaan ja laskevaan hintaan, mutta se edellyttää maitotilalla investointeja tuotantorakennukseen ja eläimiin. Tilan tuotannon siirtäminen huomattavasti suurempaan kokoluokkaan edellyttää aina myös hyvin suunniteltua työnkäytön järjestämistä ja hyvää logistiikan suunnittelua.Tavallisesti lypsykarjanavettaan sijoitetaan lehmien lisäksi vasikat ja uudistukseen tarvittavat hiehot. Hiehojen kasvattaminen lypsykarjanavetassa vaatii rakennuksen pinta-alaa, hiehoille tarkoitettuja rehuja ja työtä. Hiehoilla on erilainen hoito, rehuvaatimus ja ruokinta kuin lehmillä.Hiehokasvatuksen siirtäminen maitotilan ulkopuolelle vapauttaa tilaa ja työpanosta. Vapautuneita resursseja voidaan käyttää lehmämäärän lisäämiseen. Uutta tuotantorakennusta suunniteltaessa voidaan eläintila-resurssia suunnata lypsylehmille. Kasvatuksen ulkoistaminen avaa uusia mahdollisuuksia kotieläintuotantoon hiehokasvatusyrittäjyyden muodossa.Hiehokasvatuksen ulkoistamisella on hyvin järjestettynä mahdollisuus saavuttaa maidontuotannon tarvitsemaa erikoistumista ja lisätä kustannustehokuutta. Hiehokasvatuksen ulkoistamisessa tautiriskit pitää luonnollisesti tiedostaa ja toimia tämän suhteen eläinterveyden pelisääntöjen mukaan. On tärkeää selvittää hiehonkasvatuksen ulkoistamisen mahdollisuudet ja se, millä reunaehdoilla (sopimukset, vakuutukset, hinnoittelu, eläinten siirrot ja hoito, tautiriskit) tämä maidontuotannon toimintamalli olisi toimiva ja kannattava hiehojen/nuorkarjan kasvatusmuoto

Executing circular economy strategies in practice in Finland. Results and experiences from Circwaste project

A Europe-wide circular economy policy was launched in 2014 when the European Commission published the first strategic policy programme for circular economy. It was compiled to provide very comprehensive impacts and dimensions of sustainable development: sustainable growth and a climate neutral, resource efficient and competitive economy. The targets of a circular economy are that the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible, economic growth is decoupled from resource use, generation of waste and environmental loads are minimised, and pressure on the Earth’s resources and biodiversity is minimised. The European Union is supporting the sustainability transition with research and development funding. In Finland, Circwaste – Towards Circular Economy is one of the biggest development projects accelerating the transition to a circular economy. During the period 2016–2020, the project has produced monitoring data on the development of circular economy and the sustainability of waste management, highlighted the circular economy concept, promoted stakeholder collaboration, supported strategic national processes, strengthened know-how and mainstreamed and concretised circular economy thinking. This interim report presents all the relevant results so far. It is crucial that data is produced from different angles on implementing the circular economy. More information is needed both to support decision making and on connections between and reflections on different factors. The key figures for Finland show quite clear coupling of the use of natural resources, waste amounts and economic growth. The circular material use rate is ca. 7%, which can be considered quite modest. Quantitative national targets for decreasing the use of natural resources are needed. Instead of country comparisons, the focus should be on trends in order to learn from the past and to identify the policy instruments needed to achieve the level aspired to. One of the key findings is the need for regional indicators and data for decisionmaking. The work done within Circwaste is the first effort towards a systematic monitoring scheme for monitoring circular economy regionally. The study showed that the production of regional waste data is challenging, that the estimated recycling rates have not increased adequately to reach the EU targets and that there could therefore be a need for municipallevel recycling targets. The transition to a circular economy also causes fundamental social changes in society. In the project, new indicators were developed for measuring social impacts: circular economy employment, education and employment for vulnerable groups, publicly shared resources, accessibility of recycling services and sustainable vehicle fuels. The first baseline data show advances towards the circular economy: the accessibility of waste management services has improved, the Finnish educational system has been able to respond quickly to the need for circular economy education, circular economy activities have potential for the employment of vulnerable groups and economic activities related to recycling, repair and reuse have grown. The regions and municipalities emerge as key actors in facilitating a socially just transition towards a circular economy. The study on innovative material processing technologies gathered data on technologies for elemental recycling, especially for plastic waste but also for making new fibres from textiles waste. Financial issues are key to the survival of these technologies and there is a need for governmental financial support. Public procurers can be considered key players in the circular economy, creating demand for more sustainable products and services. Implementing circular economy in municipalities requires commitment, financial planning, interaction with regional actors and inclusion of circular economy in financial rules. The construction sector is a major consumer of natural resources, but the municipalities can make construction more sustainable through public procurements and planning. As buyers, they can require the use of recycled raw materials and soils in construction projects. Obligations for ecological compensation and goals of no net loss of biodiversity would decrease the pressure on natural resources. To support municipalities in their work, a national organisation for providing municipal auditing, development, education and business support services could be established. Employing circular economy experts in each municipality to work as crossadministrative coordinators could enhance the transition. The project has created a lot of political, theoretical and practical content on the concept and field of circular economy. The next steps are to further develop and widen, as well as deepen, the results and to provide national support in searching for answers and solutions for decreasing the use of natural resources, achieving the MSW recycling targets and creating a more sustainable society

Työnjohtajan tehtäväkohtainen kustannussuunnittelu

Tämä opinnäytetyö toteutettiin NCC Rakennus Oy:n asuntorakentamisen yksikölle. Opinnäytetyössä oli tavoitteena kuvata työnjohtajan tehtäväkohtaisen kustannussuunnittelun prosessi ja luoda tehtävälaskelman toteuttamiseen Excel-pohjainen tiedosto, joka sisältää yksinkertaiset ohjeet prosessista ja tiedoston käytöstä, tehtävälaskelmapohjan sekä esimerkkitehtävälaskelman. Työn rakenne oli kaksijakoinen. Ensimmäisessä osassa (luvut 2–3) selvitettiin kirjallisuuden julkaisujen ja haastatteluiden avulla rakennushankkeen ja rakennusurakoitsijan kustannushallinnan toimenpiteitä hankkeen ja rakentamisvaiheen aikana. Lisäksi selvitettiin työmaan tuotannonohjauksen periaatteita, toistuvan tehtävänohjauksen toimenpiteitä sekä tehtäväsuunnittelun menettelyitä. Toistuvan tehtävänohjauksen ja tehtäväsuunnittelun ongelmiin luotiin katsaus kirjallisuuden tutkimuksien sekä yritykselle tehtyjen työmaa-auditointiraporttien avulla. Työn toisessa osassa (luku 4) selvitettiin tehtäväkohtaisen kustannuslaskelman tarve ja käyttömahdollisuudet. Seuraavaksi laadittiin tehtäväkohtaiseen kustannussuunnitteluun Excel-pohjainen tiedosto kirjallisuudesta saatujen vaikutteiden avulla. Laaditun tiedoston avulla laskettiin tilaajayrityksen työmaalta esimerkkitehtävälaskelma väliseinämuurauksesta, joka liitettiin Excel-tiedostoon mallitehtävälaskelmaksi. Koko tehtävälaskelman laatimisen prosessi yrityskohtaisilla järjestelmillä kuvattiin esimerkein. Lopuksi selvitettiin työnaikaista tehtävien kustannusvalvontaa ja -ohjausta sekä lisä- ja muutostöiden menettelyitä. Työn tuloksena syntyi työnjohtajan tehtäväkohtaiseen kustannussuunnitteluun käytettävä tiedosto, jonka testaus ja kehittäminen jatkuvat tilaajayrityksessä myös opinnäytetyön jälkeen.This thesis was made for housing construction unit in NCC Rakennus Oy. The main target of the thesis was to describe the proses of cost planning in tasks done by Construction Manager and create an Excel based file to facilitate cost planning. The file was planned to consist of a simple manual of the process and use of the file, task calculation base, and also an example of using the task calculation base. The structure of the thesis consists of two sections. In the first section (chapter 2–3) the stages of cost planning are determined in the building project and construction company. Also, production control basics, repeated task control actions and task planning procedures are considered. The problems of the repeated task control and task planning were surveyed by examining literature and also the company’s site audition research reports. In the second section (chapter 4) the need for task calculation and opportunities of using it are considered. The next phase was to create the Excel based task calculation file, based on the information gathered from literature. With the created file a calculation was made for the separating wall masonry task, as an example of using the file. The whole process of the task calculation with the company systems are described with pictures and examples. Finally, the guidance and monitoring during tasks and also the principles of additional and alteration works are discussed. As a result of the thesis, a file to the cost planning of construction manager in tasks was created. Testing and development of the file is going to continue in the company