: Edition et traduction de la satire sur le mariage attribuée à Pierre de Corbeil (d'après le manuscrit Paris, BNF, Lat. 3343)

Olivier Hanne, Lothaire de Segni (1160-1191) : Formation intellectuelle et politique du pape Innocent III, dir. Cl. Carozzi, Université de ProvenceL'article propose une version méconnue du poème anonyme "De coniuge non ducenda" (appelé aussi "De optimo matrimonio"), d'après le manuscrit Paris, BNF, Lat. 3343. Cette version est attribuée dans le manuscrit à Pierre de Corbeil, ancien maître d'Innocent III à Paris. L'édition critique, appuyée sur celle de Rigg, est suivie d'une traduction française

"De la venue de Jeanne" de Jacques Gélu

National audienceLorsque Jeanne d'Arc se présente à Charles VII pour libérer Orléans, de nombreux prélats s'inquiètent et se demandent si elle ne serait pas le jouet de forces démoniaques. Pour répondre à cette question et défendre la Pucelle, Jacques Gélu, archevêque d'Embrun, achève en juin 1429 son traité De la venue de Jeanne. Adressé au roi et écrit selon les règles de la scolastique, l'ouvrage veut prouver les vertus de Jeanne et légitimer sa mission militaire, mais aussi démontrer l'action de Dieu dans les affaires humaines. L'archevêque développe une argumentation théologique qui ignore tout de la Pucelle et de l'enthousiasme populaire qu'elle suscite. Loin de défendre une personne, Jacques Gélu est d'abord l'avocat de la cause de Charles VII dont il veut prouver que les prières ont reçu leur réponse

Habitat fragmentation reshapes genomic footprints of selection in a forest herb

Understanding the combined effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation on the adaptive potential of plant populations is essential for devising effective conservation strategies. This is particularly important where mating system variation impacts the evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation. Here we aimed to reveal how habitat fragmentation and climate adaptation jointly influence the evolutionary trajectories in Primula elatior, a heterostylous self-incompatible and dispersal-constrained forest herb. We quantified the genomic variation and degree of herkogamy, a floral trait reducing self-pollination, across 60 geographically paired populations of Primula elatior across Europe, each pair featuring contrasting levels of habitat fragmentation. Our findings revealed a large and unique set of adaptive outliers in more fragmented landscapes, compared to high-connectivity ones, despite the geographic proximity of the sampling pairs. This suggests elevated selective pressures in fragmented habitats, mirrored by a reduced adaptive potential to cope with climate change. Finally, a minority of genetic variants associated with herkogamy were influenced by current levels of habitat fragmentation and population size, potentially signalling early indicators of evolutionary mating system changes in response to pollinator limitation. Because evolutionary trajectories and adaptive potential are expected to be increasingly affected by habitat fragmentation, our findings underscore the importance of considering both habitat fragmentation and climate adaptation in conservation research and planning.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure

Habitat fragmentation affects climate adaptation in a forest herb

Climate change and increased drought frequencies are expected to have a major impact on forest herb persistence. The adaptive capacity of forest herbs will depend on their long standing imprints of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. To evaluate how local adaptation to habitat fragmentation affects climate adaptation we quantified a wide range of traits in a common garden experiment of Primula elatior. Specifically, we disentangled the relative contribution of climate, habitat fragmentation, and drought stress on trait variation of the germination lag time, germination rate, growth rate, root:shoot ratio, specific leaf area, stomatal density, glandular trichome density, flower phenology and flower investment. To further evaluate mating shifts we quantified flower colour adaptations, herkogamy, and self-incompatibility. Local adaptations in P. elatior displayed strong alignment with climate along its range. Northern populations displayed a reduced establishment and competitive potential, while southern populations displayed a high sensitivity to increased drought stress under climate change. Habitat fragmentation resulted in the evolutionary breakdown of reciprocal herkogamy, and a biochemical self-compatibility in S morphs. Furthermore, a significant differentiation of the flower colour attraction patterns and a strongly reduced flowering investment was observed in the south of the range. Fragmented populations also displayed a strategic developmental focus on survival and stress resistance. The interaction between local adaptation to climate and habitat fragmentation could have far reaching effects on (meta-)population dynamics under climate change and could limit the successful application of assisted migration strategies

Predicting Habitat Properties Using Remote Sensing Data: Soil pH and Moisture, and Ground Vegetation Cover

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Remote sensing data comprise a valuable information source for many ecological landscape studies that may be under-utilized because of an overwhelming amount of processing methods and derived variables. These complexities, combined with a scarcity of quality control studies, make the selection of appropriate remote sensed variables challenging. Quality control studies are necessary to evaluate the predictive power of remote sensing data and to develop parsimonious models underpinned by functional variables, i.e., cause rather than solely correlation. Cause-based models yield superior model transferability across different landscapes and ecological settings. We propose two basic guidelines for conducting such quality control studies that increase transferability and predictive power. The first is to favour predictors that are causally related to the response. The second is to include additional variables controlling variation in the property of interest and testing for optimum processing method and/or scale. Here, we evaluated these principles in predicting ground vegetation cover, soil moisture and pH under challenging conditions with forest canopies hindering direct remote sensing of the ground. Our model using lidar data combined with natural resource maps explained most of the observed variation in soil pH and moisture, and somewhat less variation of ground vegetation cover. Soil pH was best predicted by topographic position, sediment type and site index (R 2 = 0.90). Soil moisture was best predicted by topographic position, radiation load, sediment type and site index (R 2 = 0.83). The best model for predicting ground vegetation cover was a combination of lidar-based estimates for light availability below canopy and forest type, including an interaction between these two variables (R 2 = 0.65).publishedVersio

Characteristics of participants in an HIV prevention intervention for youth in Rwanda: results from a longitudinal study

Introduction: This paper studies determinants of participation in a peer-led school-based HIV prevention intervention in Rwanda. Methods: A baseline survey among 1071 students (mean age 17 years) assessed potential determinants of participation, while a follow-up six months in the intervention measured actual participation in the intervention. Statistical models were built using multivariate linear and multinomial regression analysis predicting overall participation, participation in group discussions and individual counseling. Results: Those who recently had sex, had been tested for HIV, feel more susceptible to HIV, have a higher sexual self-concept, a more positive future perspective (only for non-sexually active), and boys, were more likely to participate in group activities. Also students from the same class as the peer educator and boarding school students were more likely to participate in group activities. Older students and those with low external health locus of control participated more in individual counseling. Discussion: Participation could be increased by investing in general well-being of young people, organizing girls-only activities, and diversifying activities

Constitutive serotonin transporter reduction resembles maternal separation with regard to stress-related gene expression

Interactive effects between allelic variants of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and stressors on depression symptoms have been documented, as well as questioned, by meta-analyses. Translational models of constitutive 5-htt reduction and experimentally controlled stressors often led to inconsistent behavioral and molecular findings, and often did not include females. The present study sought to investigate the effect of 5-htt genotype, maternal separation, and sex on the expression of stress-related candidate genes in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. The mRNA expression levels of Avp, Pomc, Crh, Crhbp, Crhr1, Bdnf, Ntrk2, Maoa, Maob, and Comt were assessed in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of 5-htt +/- and 5-htt +/+ male and female adult rats exposed, or not, to daily maternal separation for 180 minutes during the first two postnatal weeks. Gene- and brain region-dependent, but sex-independent, interactions between 5-htt genotype and maternal separation were found. Gene expression levels were higher in 5-htt +/+ rats not exposed to maternal separation compared to the other experimental groups. Maternal separation and 5-htt +/- genotype did not yield additive effects on gene expression. Correlative relationships, mainly positive, were observed within, but not across, brain regions in all groups, except in non-maternally separated 5-htt +/+ rats. Gene expression patterns in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats exposed to maternal separation resembled the ones observed in rats with reduced 5-htt expression, regardless of sex. These results suggest that floor effects of 5-htt reduction and maternal separation might explain inconsistent findings in humans and rodents.</p

Presence and analysis of plasmids in human and animal associated Arcobacter species

In this study, we report the screening of four Arcobacter species for the presence of small and large plasmids. Plasmids were present in 9.9% of the 273 examined strains. One Arcobacter cryaerophilus and four Arcobacter butzleri plasmids were selected for further sequencing. The size of three small plasmids isolated from A. butzleri and the one from A. cryaerophilus strains ranged between 4.8 and 5.1 kb, and the size of the large plasmid, isolated from A. butzleri, was 27.4 kbp. The G+C content of all plasmids ranged between 25.4% and 26.2%. A total of 95% of the large plasmid sequence represents coding information, which contrasts to the 20 to 30% for the small plasmids. Some of the open reading frames showed a high homology to putative conserved domains found in other related organisms, such as replication, mobilization and genes involved in type IV secretion system. The large plasmid carried 35 coding sequences, including seven genes in a contiguous region of 11.6 kbp that encodes an orthologous type IV secretion system found in the Wolinella succinogenes genome, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni plasmids, which makes this plasmid interesting for further exploration

Successful Small Intestine Colonization of Adult Mice by Vibrio cholerae Requires Ketamine Anesthesia and Accessory Toxins

Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the physical and genetic parameters that facilitate this colonization were investigated. Successful colonization was found to depend upon anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine and neutralization of stomach acid with sodium bicarbonate, but not streptomycin treatment. A variety of common mouse strains were colonized by O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 strains. All combinations of mutants in the genes for hemolysin, the multifunctional, autoprocessing RTX toxin (MARTX), and hemagglutinin/protease were assessed, and it was found that hemolysin and MARTX are each sufficient for colonization after a low dose infection. Overall, this study suggests that, after intragastric inoculation, V. cholerae encounters barriers to infection including an acidic environment and an immediate immune response that is circumvented by sodium bicarbonate and the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine-xylazine. After initial adherence in the small intestine, the bacteria are subjected to additional clearance mechanisms that are evaded by the independent toxic action of hemolysin or MARTX. Once colonization is established, it is suggested that, in humans, these now persisting bacteria initiate synthesis of the major virulence factors to cause cholera disease. This adult mouse model of intestinal V. cholerae infection, now well-characterized and fully optimized, should serve as a valuable tool for studies of pathogenesis and testing vaccine efficacy

Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes