On Linguistic Philosophy of Mikhail Bakhtin and Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics

It is noteworthy that florid descriptions of interaction between linguistics and the philosophy of language are regularly inspired. In this paper, parallels have been drawn between Bakhtin’s philosophical perspectives and Hallidayan theoretical claims of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Through the analysis of Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism, heteroglossia, chronotope and metalinguistics, I argue that Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistic theory is compatible with Bakhtin’s philosophical perspectives to a great extent in terms of the close relations between speech genre and register, heteroglossia and appraisal theory as well as metalinguistics and metafunctions. It is safe to say that as a precursor, Bakhtin has a profound influence on socio-semioticians like Halliday who has expounded in linguistics

The electromagnetic and gravitational-wave radiations of X-ray transient CDF-S XT2

Binary neutron star (NS) mergers may result in remnants of supra-massive or even stable NS, which have been supported indirectly by observed X-ray plateau of some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) afterglow. Recently, Xue et al. (2019) discovered a X-ray transient CDF-S XT2 that is powered by a magnetar from merger of double NS via X-ray plateau and following stepper phase. However, the decay slope after the plateau emission is a little bit larger than the theoretical value of spin-down in electromagnetic (EM) dominated by losing its rotation energy. In this paper, we assume that the feature of X-ray emission is caused by a supra-massive magnetar central engine for surviving thousands of seconds to collapse black hole. Within this scenario, we present the comparisons of the X-ray plateau luminosity, break time, and the parameters of magnetar between CDF-S XT2 and other short GRBs with internal plateau samples. By adopting the collapse time to constrain the equation of state (EOS), we find that three EOSs (GM1, DD2, and DDME2) are consistent with the observational data. On the other hand, if the most released rotation energy of magnetar is dominated by GW radiation, we also constrain the upper limit of ellipticity of NS for given EOS, and it is range in $[0.32-1.3]\times 10^{-3}$. Its GW signal can not be detected by aLIGO or even for more sensitive Einstein Telescope in the future.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures,1 table. Accepted for publication by Research in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Water Pollution in Old Towns Affecting the Environment and Ecological Restoration

© 2019 Technoscience Publications. All rights reserved. In order to solve the problem that the traditional activated sludge method is not effective in recovering the ecological process of water pollution in urban areas, the membrane bioreactor-based sewage treatment process was studied experimentally. Two flat-plate ultrafiltration membranes were used to form the ultrafilter tank in the experimental device sampled, and the processes of nitrate cycle and sludge cycle were adopted. Ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration were adopted to treat the micropollutants. After repeated experiments in 17 experimental cycles, the obtained experimental data were analysed, and it was found that under different sewage treatment loads, the treatment quality of the device could reach p concentration \u3c 0.2mg/L and n concentration \u3c 6mg/L. Compared with the traditional sewage treatment process, the experimental device can better remove the common nutrient rich substances and micro-pollutants in urban sewage, better control the greenhouse gas emissions, and meet the demand for efficient ecological recovery of urban sewage

城乡户籍与性别的重叠效应——基于身份公平的养老改革

本文构建了一个基于身份差异的代际交叠模型，分析了户籍和性别的身份标签效应及其二者之间的重叠效应对养老改革的影响,并探讨了身份公平的内涵及其实现途径。研究结果显示：1）二元制结构是造成城乡居民养老福利差异的制度性原因，教育资源、产业布局以及就业机会在城乡之间分布的不均衡性，必然会导致城乡居民获取养老金的概率及水平差异；2）生理特征以及家庭和生育责任等因素是造成男女养老福利差异的根本原因，男女在就业能力以及就业环境上的差异，必然会导致男女获取养老金的概率及水平差异；3）城镇居民获取养老金的概率和水平比农村居民高，以及男性获取养老金的概率和水平比女性高等诸多养老不公的现象，应归因于城乡户籍和性别对养老福利分配所产生的身份标签效应；4）户籍和性别的交互作用对养老福利分配所产生的重叠效应，会导致个体之间出现更为层次分明的养老差异，大致情况为，城镇男性的养老待遇最高，其后依次为城镇女性、农村男性和农村女性。研究结果表明，打破城乡二元制结构，实施帮扶农村地区的教育政策、产业政策、就业政策以及养老政策，有利于纠正身份标签效应及重叠效应对城乡养老福利分配的负面影响。而采用对女性家庭和生育责任进行补偿的照顾性就业政策和养老政策，则有利于纠正身份标签效应及重叠效应对男女养老福利分配的负面影响

养老金亏空与劳动力市场的联动效应——普遍延迟退休，还是分类延迟退休？

本文从养老金亏空与劳动力市场的联动效应出发，为延迟退休方案的选择机制构建了一个数理模型，并对分类延迟退休和普遍延迟退休的经济效率和政治可行性进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明，延迟退休时间的长短和延迟退休的类型到底该如何选择，取决于养老金亏空降解效果的好坏、就业挤出效应的大小以及政治可行性的高低。从延迟退休的政策效果来看，轻度延迟退休要好于深度延迟退休，分类延迟退休要好于普遍延迟退休。而参保者的人力资本状况及其个体差异性所来的工资率和工作成就感的差异则是政策效果不一致性的根本原因。拥有较多人力资本和较高劳动生产率的高劳动技能者，由于工资率和工作成就感会随工龄的增长而提高，从而倾向于将退休时间往后延迟得多一点。而拥有较少人力资本和较低劳动生产率的低劳动技能者，由于工资率和工作成就感会随工龄的增长而下降，从而倾向于将退休时间往后延迟得少一点。根据人力资本积累规律和劳动力供求情况分类延迟参保者的退休时间，会取得更好的养老金亏空降解效果，对新增劳动力的就业冲击也会更少。然而，要想切实提高延迟退休的政策效果，还得依赖于人力资本状况的改善。强化对参保者尤其是低劳动技能者的职业培训和学历教育，是化解养老金亏空危机和缓解社会就业压力的必由之路

公平与效率对养老改革的双重约束——延迟退休？还是并轨？

本文运用养老金亏空规模度量模型对比分析了延迟退休和并轨的公平性及效率性，并运用中国在1997-2012年间的数据对两种养老改革的公平性及效率性进行了模拟分析。研究发现，延迟退休并不能从根源上解决养老金亏空问题，而只是将养老金支付危机的爆发时机往后推迟了一段时间。同时，延迟退休既会降低现存工作代在退休后的养老待遇，又会加重延迟退休到期以后若干新生代的养老负担，从而不利于改善养老福利在代际间的分配公平性。此外，延迟退休还会吞噬掉大量工作机会，不利于降低新增劳动力的就业风险和宏观经济的不确定性。与延迟退休相比，并轨体制内外的养老保险体系，不但能在较短的时间内解决养老金亏空问题，还能缩小体制内外的养老差异，从而有利于改善养老福利在代内及代际间的分配公平性。此外，用并轨替代延迟退休，可减少延退者对工作机会的侵占，有利于缓解劳动力市场供过于求的结构性矛盾，从而有利于促进劳动力资源的优化配置和提高宏观经济的运行效率。所以，当前养老改革的方向应当优先考虑并轨，然后才是延迟退休

公平与效率对养老改革的双重约束——延迟退休？还是并轨？

本文运用养老金亏空规模度量模型对比分析了延迟退休和并轨的公平性及效率性，并运用中国在1997-2012年间的数据对两种养老改革的公平性及效率性进行了模拟分析。研究发现，延迟退休并不能从根源上解决养老金亏空问题，而只是将养老金支付危机的爆发时机往后推迟了一段时间。同时，延迟退休既会降低现存工作代在退休后的养老待遇，又会加重延迟退休到期以后若干新生代的养老负担，从而不利于改善养老福利在代际间的分配公平性。此外，延迟退休还会吞噬掉大量工作机会，不利于降低新增劳动力的就业风险和宏观经济的不确定性。与延迟退休相比，并轨体制内外的养老保险体系，不但能在较短的时间内解决养老金亏空问题，还能缩小体制内外的养老差异，从而有利于改善养老福利在代内及代际间的分配公平性。此外，用并轨替代延迟退休，可减少延退者对工作机会的侵占，有利于缓解劳动力市场供过于求的结构性矛盾，从而有利于促进劳动力资源的优化配置和提高宏观经济的运行效率。所以，当前养老改革的方向应当优先考虑并轨，然后才是延迟退休

公平与效率对养老改革的双重约束——延迟退休？还是并轨？

本文运用养老金亏空规模度量模型对比分析了延迟退休和并轨的公平性及效率性，并运用中国在1997-2012年间的数据对两种养老改革的公平性及效率性进行了模拟分析。研究发现，延迟退休并不能从根源上解决养老金亏空问题，而只是将养老金支付危机的爆发时机往后推迟了一段时间。同时，延迟退休既会降低现存工作代在退休后的养老待遇，又会加重延迟退休到期以后若干新生代的养老负担，从而不利于改善养老福利在代际间的分配公平性。此外，延迟退休还会吞噬掉大量工作机会，不利于降低新增劳动力的就业风险和宏观经济的不确定性。与延迟退休相比，并轨体制内外的养老保险体系，不但能在较短的时间内解决养老金亏空问题，还能缩小体制内外的养老差异，从而有利于改善养老福利在代内及代际间的分配公平性。此外，用并轨替代延迟退休，可减少延退者对工作机会的侵占，有利于缓解劳动力市场供过于求的结构性矛盾，从而有利于促进劳动力资源的优化配置和提高宏观经济的运行效率。所以，当前养老改革的方向应当优先考虑并轨，然后才是延迟退休

Academic blogging: writers’ views on interacting with readers

Academic blogs have become increasingly important as a means of disseminating research and attracting wider non-academic audiences or like-minded peers to new areas of scholarly activity. The heterogeneity and unfamiliarity of the audience means that writers need to present information in perhaps unfamiliar ways, creating interest and encouraging readers to engage with the topics. In this paper, we explore academics’ perceptions of this challenge and particularly how they go about establishing a relationship which will hook and then persuade these new readers. Based on semi-structured interviews with 22 UK academics from a variety of disciplines, we explore the perceptions and practices of writers and how these differ from when they are engaged in writing research papers. We also compare their perceptions with academics who routinely read blogs as part of their scholarly work. The results show key ways in which writers go about interacting with readers and how they seek to draw them into the text through a range of rhetorical devices. We also observe that these rhetorical practices exhibit features of both academic and disciplinary conventions, suggesting that academic blogs are very much an academic genre