APPLICATION OF THE MODEL 5E TO DESIGN A TEACHING PLAN FOR THE TOPIC “WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER?” IN 4TH GRADE SCIENCE SUBJECT OF VIETNAM IN STEM EDUCATIONAL ORIENTATION

STEM education is an educational model based on the interdisciplinary integration of science, technology, engineering and mathematics to solve real-life problems (Bentley et al., 2022; Kaleci & Korkmaz, 2018). When implementing STEM education in primary schools, there are many different approaches: discovery model, engineering design model, 5E, 6E, TRIAL model (Chacko et al., 2015; Kaleci & Korkmaz, 2018; Matsuura & Nakamura, 2021; Stohlmann et al., 2012). The selection of a model to apply appropriately is important, depending on the student, the actual teaching conditions, the teaching content, etc. The article analyzes the content of Science in primary school, teaching practice in Vietnam and illustrates the design of a specific teaching plan for grade 4 students on the basis of applying the model 5E to organize STEM education-oriented teaching in order to provide teachers with an approach when designing science teaching plans for primary school students.  Article visualizations

Policies on Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities in Vietnam

This article traces the history of inclusive education policy development, laws that have been promulgated, and the dissemination of policy and legal rights and responsibilities through conferences, seminars and university coursework in Vietnam since 1995 when the responsibility for educating children with disabilities shifted from the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs to the Ministry of Education and Training. Numerous standards of practice related to roles and responsibilities and recommendations for improvemtns in policy and practice are shared as well as lessons learned from external evaluation efforts that will be valuable for further development and refinement of poilicies to forward inclusive education in Vietnam

Functional Analysis of TBX2A During Development of the Pharyngeal Arches

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Untersuchungen zur Herstellung von Nitrilen und Orthoestern in nah- und überkritischen Fluiden

Aufgrund des zunehmenden Verbrauchs an fossilen Rohstoffen und der Umweltproblematik wird heutzutage auf dem Gebiet der nachwachsenden Rohstoffe als nachhaltige Kohlenstoffquelle und überkritischen Fluiden als umweltfreundliches Reaktionsmedium intensiv geforscht. Acetonitril ist ein wichtiges Zwischenprodukt und Lösungsmittel der chemischen Industrie, welches industriell als Nebenprodukt der Acrylnitrilsynthese (Sohio-Prozess) anfällt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde daher ein direkter Syntheseweg von Acetonitril ausgehend von Ammoniumacetat - einem biobasierten Ausgangsstoff – in nah- und überkritischem Wasser entwickelt, um ein Basis für ein neues Herstellverfahren für Nitrile aufzubauen. Basierend darauf wurde die Bildung von anderen Nitrilen aus den Ammoniumsalzen der entsprechenden Carbonsäuren ebenfalls untersucht. Die Umsetzungen erfolgten bei 250 bis 550 °C und 23 bis 35 MPa in einem Strömungsrohrreaktor. Nach der Optimierung der Prozessbedingungen hinsichtlich der Nitrilbildung konnte festgestellt werden, dass Acetonitril, Valeronitril und Benzonitril, welche als Modellsubstanze für kurz- sowie langkettige aliphatische und aromatische Nitrile verwendet wurden, in nah- und überkritischem Wasser unkatalysiert nach einem Zweireaktorkonzept aus Ammoniumacetat, Ammoniumvalerat und Ammoniumbenzoat hergestellt werden können. Eine Stoffklasse der wirtschaftlich interessanten Folgeprodukte von Nitrilen ist Orthoester. Sie lassen sich durch die zweistufige, salzsauerkatalysierte Pinner-Reaktion gewinnen. Der Nachteil dieser Methode liegt vor allem in der stöchiometrischen Bildung von Ammoniumchlorid als Koppelprodukt. Aus diesem Grund wurde in der Arbeit die einstufige Umsetzung von Acetonitril sowie Blausäure zu Trimethylorthoacetat sowie Trimethylorthoformiat in nah- und überkritischem Methanol (230 bis 310 °C und 10 bis 30 MPa) untersucht. Die Einflüsse von verschiedenen Zusätzen auf die Bildung von den Orthoestern wurden ebenfalls betrachtet

Parenting in the digital age : a case study for understanding how parents of young adolescents living in urban areas in Vietnam monitor their children's use of media at home

The purpose of this study was to discover and understand how parents of young adolescents living in urban areas in Vietnam monitor their children's use of media. Additionally, the study aimed to explore whether there is any need for a media content review service from these particular parents to support their parenting in the digital age. This study was implemented via seven semi-structured in-depth interviews. The collected data of the study were analysed by the thematic analysis method. The study revealed that the target parents were aware of how easily their children can access media content though digital devices. These parents understood the benefits of a technically innovative environment for the development of their children. However, they also acknowledged the risks and harms on their children of being exposed to inappropriate content. Strategies of parental mediation for the media use of teenagers varied, including active mediation, restrictive mediation, monitoring, and technical restrictions. The key for effective mediation was building a bidirectional communication between parents and children. The target parents in the study favoured active and restrictive mediations over technical restrictions because they considered mediation as an effective and substantial strategy to enhance the critical thinking skills of their children. Additionally, the study revealed the parental need for a trusted review system for media content to support parents in building their own knowledge and competence about media content and digital skills as well

EFFECT OF SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE CULTIVARS OF MUSKMELONS (Cucumis melo)

Muskmelons are currently grown in several areas of Vietnam for domestic and international consumer markets. The fruit grows well in greenhouses in soil or soilless substrate such as coconut peat. Researchers in Vietnam are investigating the growth of muskmelons in a range of organic by-products. In this study, spent mushroom substrate was recycled for use as an organic substrate and to evaluate the growth, quality, and yield of three muskmelon varieties including RZ F1, PN 128, and TL3 in greenhouses over three months. The substrate was incubated for one month before use and contained 45% spent mushroom substrate, 30% manure, 7.7% rice husks, 1.5% phosphorus, 0.2% commercial Trichoderma (Tribac), 0.1% rice bran, 15% sand, and 0.5% micronutrients and water. Following incubation, the substrate had optimal pH for the growth of muskmelon and the concentration of nutrients and beneficial microorganisms had increased significantly. The growth of RZ F1 and TL3 cultivars was significantly better than PN 128 in terms of growth, fruit quality, and yield. Specifically, RZ F1 and TL3 species took 78 days and 75 days to complete their life cycle produced 1.76 kg and 1.62 kg of fruit, had a pericarp thickness of 4.0 cm, and possessed 14.20o Brix and 14.88o Brix of soluble solid content, respectively. These findings suggest that agricultural by-products, such as spent mushroom substrate, could be a valuable resource for the culture of muskmelons in Vietnam

Effects of hormone and fertilizers on early flower induction of Dendrobium anosmum hybrid seedlings under ex vitro condition

Early flowering of new orchids is important to save time for selecting valuable flowers and artificial induction of flowering is a critical consideration in the orchid production industry. In this study, a new Dendrobium anosmum hybrid was generated by cross-breeding between D. anosmum ‘Chau Nhu’ and D. anosmum ‘Di Linh’. The ancestors and hybrid seedlings from in-vitro culture were trained in the net house and their growth and flowering were evaluated under ex vivo conditions with specific fertilizers and hormones. The results suggest that the hybrid plants grew better than their parents in terms of stem height, stem diameter, and leaf number. Growth hormones were applied to stimulate early flowering in matured hybrids and it was discovered that ‘Keiki pro’, a commercial hormone product, produced the best results, with a flowering rate of 66.67% after two applications. Hybrid flowers varied in width from 36.36% (3.0-6.0 cm) to 63.64 % (more than 6.0 cm) from ancestral width in medium-sized and large-sized flowers, respectively. Also, the hybrid flower colours was mostly a combination of pink/violet (75C) and purple/pink (68A), which is different from their parents. Importantly, the dorsal sepal, petal colours, and shape of hybrid flowers varied significantly among individual hybrids, between hybrids and their progenitors. Some mutations in the lips and columns of the novel hybrid flowers were also visualized. Hence, the D. anosmum hybrid seedlings successfully induced flowers after a year of culture under optimal hormones and fertilizers conditions. The results can serve as a critical reference for the early flowering of the orchid seedlings

Analyze the Determinants of Capital Structure for Vietnamese Real Estate Listed Companies

This study adopts a two - step system general method of moments (GMM) approach towards investigating the determinants of capital structure for the listed real estate firms on Ho Chi Minh stock exchange (HSX) in Viet Nam from 2010 to 2015. The determinants of capital structure are mixed and different for short-term and long-term indicators. The real estate firms tend to use more debts to finance their investment. Vietnamese real estate firms should focus on balance structure debt due to complicated impacts of the determinants to their capital structure. There are some implications for the real estate companies and policy of the Government that are based on the empirical results. Keywords: determinants of capital structure, real estate company, general method of moments. JEL Classifications: G32, R