Extension of a Spectral Bounding Method to Complex Rotated Hamiltonians, with Application to p2−ix3p^2-ix^3

We show that a recently developed method for generating bounds for the discrete energy states of the non-hermitian $-ix^3$ potential (Handy 2001) is applicable to complex rotated versions of the Hamiltonian. This has important implications for extension of the method in the analysis of resonant states, Regge poles, and general bound states in the complex plane (Bender and Boettcher (1998)).Comment: Submitted to J. Phys.

Generating Converging Bounds to the (Complex) Discrete States of the P2+iX3+iαXP^2 + iX^3 + i\alpha X Hamiltonian

The Eigenvalue Moment Method (EMM), Handy (2001), Handy and Wang (2001)) is applied to the $H_\alpha \equiv P^2 + iX^3 + i\alpha X$ Hamiltonian, enabling the algebraic/numerical generation of converging bounds to the complex energies of the $L^2$ states, as argued (through asymptotic methods) by Delabaere and Trinh (J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. {\bf 33} 8771 (2000)).Comment: Submitted to J. Phys.

Volunteering

In recent decades, there has been a burgeoning interest in the study of volunteering, and the number of publications devoted to volunteering has grown exponentially. In this chapter, we examine emerging theories and new directions in volunteering research. First, we discuss multi-level perspectives that try to understand volunteering in complex interaction with the organizational and institutional context. Next, we present process-oriented approaches that focus on the experience of volunteering, as it changes through different stages of organizational socialization, and as a consequence of broader societal and sector-wide transformations. Finally, in the light of these sector changes, new methods of social accounting have emerged that expand traditional financial statements of nonprofits to account for volunteer labor. This review Demonstrates that, as research on volunteering further expands, it tends to grow in its diversity of questions and viewpoints, and to reflect the complex and dynamic nature of volunteering more precisely

Width and Magnetic Field Dependence of Transition Temperature in Ultranarrow Superconducting Wires

We calculate the transition temperature in ultranarrow superconducting wires as a function of wire width, resistance and applied magnetic field. We compare the results of first-order perturbation theory and the non-perturbative resummation technique developed by Oreg and Finkel'stein. The latter technique is found to be superior as it is valid even in the strong disorder limit. In both cases the predicted additional suppression of the transition temperature due to the reduced dimensionality is strongly dependent upon the boundary conditions used. When we use the correct (zero-gradient) boundary conditions, we find that theory and experiment are consistent, although more experimental data is required to verify this systematically. We calculate the magnetic field dependence of the transition temperature for different wire widths and resistances in the hope that this will be measured in future experiments. The predicted results have a rich structure - in particular we find a dimensional crossover which can be tuned by varying either the width of the wire or its resistance per square.Comment: 12 pages, 1 table, 7 figures. The changes made to the paper are ones of emphasis. The comparison between theory and experiment has been altered, and detailed comparisons of various approximations have been omitted, although the results are summarised in the paper. Much more emphasis has been placed on the new predictions of the effect of an applied magnetic field on transition temperature in wires (Figs. 5-7

Generating Bounds for the Ground State Energy of the Infinite Quantum Lens Potential

Moment based methods have produced efficient multiscale quantization algorithms for solving singular perturbation/strong coupling problems. One of these, the Eigenvalue Moment Method (EMM), developed by Handy et al (Phys. Rev. Lett.{\bf 55}, 931 (1985); ibid, {\bf 60}, 253 (1988b)), generates converging lower and upper bounds to a specific discrete state energy, once the signature property of the associated wavefunction is known. This method is particularly effective for multidimensional, bosonic ground state problems, since the corresponding wavefunction must be of uniform signature, and can be taken to be positive. Despite this, the vast majority of problems studied have been on unbounded domains. The important problem of an electron in an infinite quantum lens potential defines a challenging extension of EMM to systems defined on a compact domain. We investigate this here, and introduce novel modifications to the conventional EMM formalism that facilitate its adaptability to the required boundary conditions.Comment: Submitted to J. Phys.

Analisa Perlindungan Hak Cipta Di Jaringan Internet Menurut Undang-undang No 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta

Kecanggihan teknologi kian hari kian meningkat, penigkatan ini tidak terlepas dari hasil pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Khusus, pada bidang teknologi, kemajuan teknologi tidak lepas juga dari proses inovasi. Alhasil, saat ini telah hadir dihadapan masyarakat dunia teknologi terkini yang mampu menghubungkan antar umat manusia diseluruh dunia melalui jejaring antar komputer atau yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah Internet.Perkembangan internet memang seperti tidak terduga sebelumnya, beberapa tahun yang lalu internet hanya dikenal oleh sebagian kecil orang, yaitu mereka yang mempunyai minat di bidang komputer. Namun, dalam tahun-tahun terakhir ini penggunaan jasa internet meningkat secara sangat pesat. Tidak mengherankan, website atau situs di internet terus bertambah dari waktu ke waktu. Maraknya pemasangan website ini di internet terus bertambah baik untuk tujuan komersial maupun non-komersial, ternyata membuka peluang terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta. Terlebih dengan semakin canggihnya teknologi informasi, maka peluang tersebut semakin besar.[1] Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian hukum kepustakaan, yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder belaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta di internet, Faktor Ekonomi, Faktor Harga, Faktor Masyarakat, Faktor Aparat penegak hukum yang kurang pengetahuan akan pelanggaran hak cipta di internet. Akibat dari pelanggaran hak cipta ini menimbulkan banyak dampak negatif, khususnya bagi seseorang yang berkarya, dampak yang akan menurunkan minat untuk berkarya lagi. Negara pun akan mendapatkan kerugian yang besar dari pelanggaran hak cipta ini. Selain faktor penyebab ada juga upaya prefentif yang bisa dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta di jaringan internet, yaitu pengenalan komputer yang dilakukan sejak dini baik untuk software atau hardware, sosialisasi kepada masyarakat yang belum terlalu paham akan penggunaan internet yang baik, pengamanan terhadap website yang menyediakan fasilitas download gratis [1] Prof. Tim Lindsey BA, LL,.B., Blitt., Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Eddy Damian, S.H, Simon Butt, BA, LL.B dan Tomy Suryo Utomo, S.H, LL.M, Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Suatu Pegantar, P.T Alumni, 2004, Hal 16

Comparing Neighbors: Social Service Provision by Religious Congregations in Ontario and the United States

Although religious congregations in the United States constitute a significant part of the nation\u27s safety net (Cnaan, Boddie, and Weinburg, 1999), questions still remain: are religious congregations in the United States unique in their involvement in social service provision? To answer this question, we need to compare them with congregations in countries similar to the United States. Congregational social and community involvement in the United States is attributed to several factors: the unique separation of state and church, a pluralistic ethnic society, and the market economy of religion in the United States. If these factors explain the impressive involvement of local religious congregations in helping people in need and in enhancing quality of life in the community, then we should expect similar findings regarding congregations in other countries with similar characteristics

The Role of Social Anxiety in Volunteering

The volunteer management literature suggests that the most effective means of recruitment is personal asking. However, agencies that apply this method do not report the expected success in volunteer recruitment. Often they face the volunteer recruitment fallacy: those people assumed to be interested in volunteering do not necessarily volunteer. Based on the literature of shyness or social anxiety and on empirical observations, this article suggests that social anxiety often deters volunteering by new recruits. We hypothesize that people with greater levels of social anxiety will be less likely to volunteer. Furthermore, we hypothesize that people with high social anxiety will prefer to give monetary support to worthy causes rather than volunteer their time, and if they do choose to volunteer, they will do so alongside friends. Our hypotheses are supported based on the findings from a large-scale nonrandom sample in North America. We suggest how to avoid the volunteer recruitment fallacy by creating a personal environment in which high-social-anxiety recruits feel safe and accepted. By removing the fear of being negatively judged by strangers as they enter the agency and creating a more personal approach, new recruits may have a higher probability of becoming long-term and consistent volunteers

Generating Converging Eigenenergy Bounds for the Discrete States of the -ix^3 Non-Hermitian Potential

Recent investigations by Bender and Boettcher (Phys. Rev. Lett 80, 5243 (1998)) and Mezincescu (J. Phys. A. 33, 4911 (2000)) have argued that the discrete spectrum of the non-hermitian potential $V(x) = -ix^3$ should be real. We give further evidence for this through a novel formulation which transforms the general one dimensional Schrodinger equation (with complex potential) into a fourth order linear differential equation for $|\Psi(x)|^2$. This permits the application of the Eigenvalue Moment Method, developed by Handy, Bessis, and coworkers (Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 931 (1985);60, 253 (1988a,b)), yielding rapidly converging lower and upper bounds to the low lying discrete state energies. We adapt this formalism to the pure imaginary cubic potential, generating tight bounds for the first five discrete state energy levels.Comment: Work to appear in J. Phys. A: Math & Ge