Döviz kurundaki oynaklığın ticaret hacmine etkisi: Panel data kullanılarak uygulanan bir ampirik çalışma

45 pagesDöviz kurundaki oynaklığın ticaret hacmine etkisini önce dünya ticaret hacminin %70’ini oluşturan 42 ülkeyi kullanarak, ardından bu 42 ülke arasından 16 tane gelişmekte olan ülkeyi seçerek analiz ediyoruz. Bu analiz için panel data yaklaşımını kullanıyoruz. Panel Data yaklaşımlarında sıkça karşılalışan bir sorun olan seriler arası bağlılık varsayımı olmadan da çalışabilen birim kök testi ve tahmin yöntemleri kullanıyoruz. Kullandığımız CD test adı verilen test, seriler arası bağlılık olmadan varsayımı olmadan birim kök hipotezini test etmemizi sağlıyor. Ayrıca aynı şekilde Pesaran(2006)’ın geliştirdiği CCE tahminleri de seriler arası bağlılık varsayımı olmadan, modellerimizi test etmemizi sağlıyor. 16 adet gelişmekte olan ülkenin data setini kullanarak elde ettiğimiz sonuçlara göre, döviz kurundaki oynaklığın ticaret hacmine önemli bir etkisi olduğunu gördük. Fakat 42 ülkenin hepsini modelimizde kullandığımızda önemli bir etki tespit edemedik.We examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on the trade flows of 42 countries, which constitutes the 70% share of the total world trade, and also 16 developing countries. We use a panel data approach, and recently developed panel techniques, namely CD test for the panel unit root test, which is developed by Pesaran (2006) and takes into account the cross section dependence, and common correlated effects (CCE) estimators. We find a significant effect of exchange rate volatility to the trade flows for the 16 developing countries. But the results for 42 heterogeneous countries are not significant

Supramolecular chirality-sensing DNA-mimicry of a norbornane derivative decorated with isoxazoline and methylpyrolidine-2,5-dione ring

The molecular and crystal structure of a norbornane derivative decorated with isoxazoline and methylpyrolidine-2,5-dione ring, C19H20N2O5, were determined and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods. Details of the molecular geometry having six stereogenic centers reveal that there are two enantiomeric forms in the crystal structure of the compound, S- and R-enantiomer named with respect to the majority of chiral centers. The same type enantiomers are used as building blocks in formation of noncovalent helices by weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N type H-bonds. While S-enantiomers form P-helix, R-enantiomers take part in the formation of M-helix. The intertwined P- and M- helices, yielding from supramolecular chirality of the compound, are interconnected by weak C-H⋯O type H-bonds. Thus, mixed-handed noncovalent DNA mimicry of the compound contrary to natural pure-handed DNA forms is established. The presence of weak H-bonds allowing DNA mimicry of the compound in a noncovalent manner is verified by QTAIM and Hirshfeld surface analyses. To the best of our knowledge, norbornane derivative examined here is the first example of noncovalent DNA-mimetic based on an unnatural organic small molecule. The stability level of the H-bonded helices of the compound is comparable to those of helical peptide chains, approximately half of their stabilities.One of the authors HK is thankful to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBÍTAK) for financial support. The work is supported by TÜBÍTAK, Grant (No. 112T636).Peer Reviewe

Cell Death Mechanism of Organometallic Ruthenium(II) and Iridium(III) Arene Complexes on HepG2 and Vero Cells

Due to side effects and toxicity associated with platinum-derived metal-based drugs, extensive research has been conducted on ruthenium (Ru) complexes. We aim to synthesize a highly oil soluble Ru(II)-p-cymene complex (Ru1) with an aliphatic chain group, a bimetallic Ru(II)-p-cymene complex (Ru2) with N,S,S triple-coordination and a bimetallic Ir(III)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complex (Ir1) with S,S double-coordination. Subsequently, we investigate the effects of these complexes on Vero and HepG2 cell lines, focusing on cell death mechanisms. Characterization of the complexes is performed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effective doses are determined using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, applying different doses of the complexes to the two cell lines for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Immunoreactivities of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3, RIP3, and RIPK1 are analyzed using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Notably, all the complexes (Ru1, Ru2, and Ir1) exhibit distinct cell death mechanisms, showing greater effectiveness than cisplatin. This study reveals the diverse mechanisms of action of Ru and Ir complexes based on different ligands. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first investigation of a novel RAED-type complex (Ru1) and unexpected bimetallic complexes (Ru2 and Ir1)