The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Serially Ordered Magnetization of Nanoclusters via Control of Various Transition Metal Dopants for the Multifractionation of Cells in Microfluidic Magnetophoresis Devices

A novel method (i.e., continuous magnetic cell separation in a microfluidic channel) is demonstrated to be capable of inducing multifractionation of mixed cell suspensions into multiple outlet fractions. Here, multicomponent cell separation is performed with three different distinguishable magnetic nanoclusters (MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, and CoFe2O4), which are tagged on A431 cells. Because of their mass magnetizations, which can be ideally altered by doping with magnetic atom compositions (Mn, Fe, and Co), the trajectories of cells with each magnetic nanocluster in a flow are shown to be distinct when dragged under the same external magnetic field; the rest of the magnetic characteristics of the nanoclusters are identically fixed. This proof of concept study, which utilizes the magnetization-controlled nanoclusters (NCs), suggests that precise and effective multifractionation is achievable with high-throughput and systematic accuracy for dynamic cell separation.1100sciescopu

Fracture incidence in children after developing atopic dermatitis: A Korean nationwide birth cohort study

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Association of fracture incidence in children with the development of food allergy: A Korean nationwide birth cohort study

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Elucidation of toxicity of organic acids inhibiting growth of Escherichia coli W

The toxic effects of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) at high concentrations on cell growth and cellular metabolism are a great challenge to its commercial production. This study has examined and compared the toxic effects of 3-HP on cell growth with other similar weak acids, especially lactic acid, under various concentrations, temperatures and pH using Escherichia coli W as the test strain. 3-HP was approximately 4.4-times more toxic than lactic acid due to the 4.4-fold weaker acidity or 0.64 higher pKa value. The two acids presented no appreciable difference when the growth inhibition was correlated with the undissociated or protonated free acid concentration calculated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The growth inhibition by other small organic acids, such as acetic acid, pyruvic acid, propionic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid (2-HB) and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HB), was also well correlated with their pKa values or protonated free acid concentrations. This study suggests that the growth inhibition by small weak acids is mainly caused by the socalled proton effect (rather than the anion effect), i.e., an increase in the intracellular proton concentration. An appropriate increase in the medium pH was suggested to alleviate the acid toxicity by reducing the free acid concentration in the culture medium