Sticker systems over monoids

Molecular computing has gained many interests among researchers since Head introduced the first theoretical model for DNA based computation using the splicing operation in 1987. Another model for DNA computing was proposed by using the sticker operation which Adlemanused in his successful experiment for the computation of Hamiltonian paths in a graph: a double stranded DNA sequence is composed by prolonging to the left and to the right a sequence of (single or double) symbols by using given single stranded strings or even more complex dominoes with sticky ends, gluing these ends together with the sticky ends of the current sequence according to a complementarity relation. According to this sticker operation, a language generative mechanism, called a sticker system, can be defined: a set of (incomplete) double-stranded sequences (axioms) and a set of pairs of single or double-stranded complementary sequences are given. The initial sequences are prolonged to the left and to the right by using sequences from the latter set, respectively. The iterations of these prolongations produce “computations” of possibly arbitrary length. These processes stop when a complete double stranded sequence is obtained. Sticker systems will generate only regular languages without restrictions. Additional restrictions can be imposed on the matching pairs of strands to obtain more powerful languages. Several types of sticker systems are shown to have the same power as regular grammars; one type is found to represent all linear languages whereas another one is proved to be able to represent any recursively enumerable language. The main aim of this research is to introduce and study sticker systems over monoids in which with each sticker operation, an element of a monoid is associated and a complete double stranded sequence is considered to be valid if the computation of the associated elements of the monoid produces the neutral element. Moreover, the sticker system over monoids is defined in this study

Efek Ekstrak Metanol dan Partisi dari Kulit Batang Kayu Jawa (Lannea Coromandelica Houtt. Merr.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Sel HeLa dan MCF-7

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan efek ekstrak metanol dan partisi kulit batang kayu jawa dalam menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker HeLa dan sel kanker MCF-7. Simplisia kulit kayu dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Ekstrak kemudian dipartisi secara partisi cair padat menggunakan pelarut heksan. Pemisahan menghasilkan partisi larut heksan dan partisi tidak larut heksan. Pengukuran aktivitas inhibisi pertumbuhan sel dilakukan menggunakan metode MTT Assay terhadap sel HeLa, sel MCF-7 dan sel Vero. Senyawa yang dikandung diidentifikasi dengan beberapa pereaksi golongan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol, partisi tidak larut heksan dan partisi larut heksan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker Hela dengan nilai indeks selektivitas, berturut-turut, 2,04; 1,85 dam 4,19. Sedangkan untuk sel MCF-7, indeks selektivitas, berturut-turut, 1,91; 1,44 dan 2,13. Partisi larut heksan dapat memiliki potensi sebagai antikanker dengan selektivitas yang baik

Analyze of pilot reuse with achievable sum rate for massive MIMO cellular uplink

The last ten years have seen important developments of massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) in wireless communication. Massive MIMO has currently been presented in the 5G wireless standards. The number of terminals is increasing with additional appliances. At the same time, high transmission sum rates and communication reliability are required. Moreover, the multi-cell MMSE scheme, which includes an uplink MMSE and MRT decoders. Furthermore, this paper focuses how the MMSE activities all obtainable pilots for interference suppression. Specifically, this paper investigates the spectral efficiency of the massive MIMO, pilot contamination, which MMSE exploits all available pilots for interference suppression, and estimated locally at every BS, to actively suppress both intra-cell and inter-cell interference. Consequently, the average sum rate is proportional with SINR, using the linear scheme all of MMSE, ZF and optimal MMSE, while the sum rate is reverse proportional with linear decoding MRT. Then, when the number of base stations increases, the linear schemes MMSE, ZF and optimal MMSE have more convergence, while when the number of BS decreases the linear decoding schemes only have convergence except for MRT. However, at high SNR a higher number of antennas achieve better than a low number of antennas

Metacognitive skills of Malaysian students in non-routine mathematical problem solving

Metacognitive skills play an important role in solving mathematical problems. However, there is a lack of empirical studies on the role of metacognitive skills in solving mathematical problems, particularly non-routine ones. Therefore, this study was undertaken to identify students' metacognitive skills and the impact of such skills on non-routine mathematical problem solving. By using a quantitative method, a total of 304 students in Johor Bahru district were involved in the study. A Self-Monitoring Questionnaire (SMQ) and a mathematical test were used in data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results showed that the level of the students' performance in solving non-routine mathematical problems was very low. There was also a significant difference in the metacognitive skills among students with different performance levels in solving non-routine mathematical problems, and we concluded that these metacognitive skills should be emphasised in this process

Technical and vocational education students’ perception of using learning videos during Covid-19 pandemic period

The closure of Higher Education Institutions and Schools due to COVID-19 pandemic has affected the structure of Learning and Teaching (T&L) from direct method at institutions to Open and Distance Education (ODE) completely. All face-to-face T&L activities are not allowed except for certain categories of students who need to return to campus in stages to participante in T&L activities in full compliance of the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) set by prioritizing safety measures and social distancing. This study used a quantitative approach by using online questionnaire as instrument (google form). A total of 73 Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) students from various backgrounds of respondents participated in the study. The findings of the study showed that there was a strong correlation between the aspects of interest and gender of TVE students in using learning videos during the COVID-19 pandemic period (r = .701). Therefore, all parties must prepare to face the new norm, namely the ODL method as a whole during the COVID-19 pandemic period to continue the T&L process for students

The use of Linear Statistical Model to Predict Tumour Size of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer in the large intestine (colon), the lower part of our digestive system. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small non-cancerous clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. The aim of this quantitative study is to identify the determinants of patient who have colorectal cancer symptoms in general hospital. The sample study included 180 patients who have colorectal cancer aged above 21 years old and received treatment at general hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Secondary data were obtained through doctors and nurses using cluster sampling. Based on the results of multiple linear regressions (MLR), 11 predictor variables were significant to predict tumour size of colorectal cancer. The statistical measurement error used were mean square error (MSE), root mean square error values (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)

Analysis of the Interregional Trade of Agricultural Commodities in West Sumatera, Indonesia

This study aims to investigate factors affecting interregional trade of agricultural commodities between regions in West Sumatera, Indonesia. For this purpose, this study use modified gravity model. There are four commodities that represent interregional trade of agricultural commodities in this study, namely: rice, chicken egg, broiler and fresh sea fish. This study uses cross section data of the 15 regencies/city in West Sumatera. The data is obtained from survey to wholesaler group of agricultural commodities in West Sumatera (primary data). The result of this study shows that factors affecting interregional trade in West Sumatera are: the difference in price (for commodities: rice, chicken egg and broiler), transportation costs (for commodities: broiler and fresh sea fish)

Learning style tendencies based on fleming’s VARK learning style among TVET students

This study aims to identify learning style tendencies based on the Fleming’s VARK learning style of TVET students. This study uses a questionnaire approach to assess TVET students' learning styles based on Fleming’s visual, auditory, writing or reading and kinesthetic learning styles. The study population is technical students of FPTV, UTHM and the selected sample consists of 53 students from various fields namely General Machining (BBA), Welding and Metal Fabrication (BBD), Electrical & Electronics (BBE) and Creative Multimedia (BBF) who took the subject BBD10803 Information Technology in Education at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The results of this study indicate that the most preferred Fleming’s VARK learning style is a visual learning style