Configuration Designs and Recent Applications of Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collectors for Drying Agricultural Material: A Review

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) solar air/water collectors have received increasing attention in recent years. Efficiency is the most important parameter usually considered in PV-T technologies. The present paper expressed energy efficiency and thermal-electrical exergy of PV-T collectors, and compared the studies of researchers on the performance of these systems. The figures are provided to give an overview of how PV-T performance is improved. Changes in heat transfer fluid play a major role in electrical and thermal efficiency. A brief overview of the most promising fluids used in PV-T is reported in this article. Nowadays, improving PV- T performance by optimizing the adsorbent plate and cooling fluid and using nanofluid has been considered by researchers. The application of these schemes in implementation, especially in agriculture, can help significantly in increasing the efficiency of solar radiation. Therefore, future work should be aimed at increasing efficiency and reducing costs to increase their competitiveness and use as a renewable and environmentally friendly energy device

The differences between normal and obese patient handling: re- structural analysis of two questionnaires

Abstract Background Precise causes of musculoskeletal complaints among nurses are not known well, but many studies have pointed to manual patient handling tasks. Subjective judgment and decision-making process for patient lifting is crucial for gathering data regards patient handling. The aim of this study was to consider reliability and validity and re-structure of two special tools for patient handling’s tasks. Methods In this cross- sectional study 249 nurses were fully participated. As recommended by literature for cultural adaptation of instruments, forward/backward translation method was applied. Reliability of the translated version was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Validity testing for the two scales was based on content validity index/ratio analysis and also Exploratory Factor Analysis was run to extract latent factors. Results Reliability estimated by internal consistency reached a Cronbach’s Alpha of above 0.7 for all subscales of two questionnaires. After testing the validity, the final version of questionnaires was remained by 14 and 15 questions respectively. Conclusions These instruments evaluated for manual handling of normal and obese patients had acceptable validity and reliability in Iranian Nursing context. So, these tools can be used in further studies with the same cultures