Numerical approach for the aerodynamic analysis if airfoils with laminar separation

A numerical method for simultaneously and efficiently coupling an external subsonic potential flow and an interior viscous flow such that the two flows match at an interfacing boundary is discussed. Both a panel method and a simple point compressible vortex model are used for the outer potential field. The interior flow solvers which were used are the Navier-Stokes and Euler codes of T. J. Coakley and the Euler code of A. Verhoff. In order to test compatibility, the panel method is coupled to the less expensive Euler codes since the coupling procedure is identical with the Navier-Stokes code. The results show significant efficiency improvements can be obtained over the uncoupled approach. Results also indicate the outer potential flow is best represented by the simple point compressible vortex model. The panel method couples smoothly to Coakley's implicit code but is numerically incompatible as coupled with the explicit Euler code. An improved Navier-Stokes code is under initial development which extends the Euler code to include the necessary viscous terms. Results are shown for all infinite length channel with one wavy periodic wall with and without laminar separation

Mediakasvatus ja oppimateriaalin tuottaminen yläkouluikäisille

Tiivistelmä Opinnäytteen tarkoitus oli suunnitella ja toteuttaa opetusmateriaalit kolmesta eri mediasta yläkoululaisille. Yhteensä mediakasvatuspajoja järjestettiin kuusitoista kappaletta kolmessa eri koulussa Jyväskylässä. Tärkeintä oli saada koostettua pajojen sisällöt ajankohtaisiksi, kiinnostaviksi ja ikäryhmälle sopiviksi. Toteutetut pajat olivat mainos-, uutis- ja internetpaja. Mainospajaa lähestyttiin eettisestä näkökulmasta. Uutisia tarkasteltiin niin ikään eettisin journalismin keinoin, ja internetpajassa painotettiin käyttäytymissääntöjä sekä oikeudellisia asioita, kuten tekijänoikeuksia. Jokainen paja kesti kaksi oppituntia ja sisälsi luento- ja tehtäväosuuden. Tehtävä liittyi olennaisesti luento-osuudella opittuihin asioihin, ja sillä haluttiin vahvistaa ja varmistaa opetussisällön ymmärtäminen. Jokaiseen pajaan räätälöitiin pajan aiheen mukainen ennakkokysely- ja palautelomake. Hyvissä ajoin ennen pajan alkua kaikille pajaan osallistuville kouluille lähetettiin kustakin pajasta ennakkokysely, jolla kartoitettiin ryhmän ennakkotietoja aiheesta. Jokaisen pajan lopuksi ryhmä ja ryhmän opettaja saivat täyttääkseen palautelomakkeen, jolla pystyttiin kartoittamaan oppimista ja pajan onnistumista. Niin opettajat kuin oppilaatkin kokivat jokaisen pajan tarpeelliseksi, ja pajoja toivottiin toteutettavan myös jatkossa. Pajojen oppimateriaalit kokonaisuudessaan voisi toimittaa suoraan yläkouluille, jolloin ne toimisivat opettajan päivitettävinä työkaluina. Oppimateriaalit toimivat myös hyvänä muokattavana pohjana tuleville opiskelijoille, jotka osallistuvat mediakasvatusprojekteihin.Abstract The purpose of the thesis was to plan and carry out teaching materials of the three different medias to upper level comprehensive school students. Altogether 16 media education workshops were arranged in three different schools in Jyväskylä. The most important matter was to get the content of the workshops current, interesting and age-appropriate. The workshops carried out were advertising, news and internet workshops. The advertising workshop was approached from an ethical point of view, the news was also observed with the means of ethical journalism and the internet workshop emphasized behavior rules and juridical matters, such as copyright. Each workshop lasted for two lessons and included lecture- and task parts. The task was essentially connected with the things learned in the lecture part and the meaning was to make sure the content of the learning material was understood. An advance questionnaire- and feedback forms by the theme were tailored to each workshop. In good time before the workshops began all schools participating the workshops were sent an advance questionnaire of each workshop to map the groups’ knowledge of the subject. In the end of each workshop the group and the teacher were given a feedback form to fill in which helped to map out learning and the success of the workshop. The teachers as well as the students considered each workshop as necessary and the workshops were hoped to be carried out in the future, too. The workshop learning material could be delivered straight to the upper level comprehensive schools when they would work as the teachers’ updated tools. The learning materials also function as a base to be molded for the future students, who take part in media education workshops

Bubble kinetics in a steady-state column of aqueous foam

We measure the liquid content, the bubble speeds, and the distribution of bubble sizes, in a vertical column of aqueous foam maintained in steady-state by continuous bubbling of gas into a surfactant solution. Nearly round bubbles accumulate at the solution/foam interface, and subsequently rise with constant speed. Upon moving up the column, they become larger due to gas diffusion and more polyhedral due to drainage. The size distribution is monodisperse near the bottom and polydisperse near the top, but there is an unexpected range of intermediate heights where it is bidisperse with small bubbles decorating the junctions between larger bubbles. We explain the evolution in both bidisperse and polydisperse regimes, using Laplace pressure differences and taking the liquid fraction profile as a given.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Interactions between the NR2B receptor and CaMKII modulate synaptic plasticity and spatial learning.

The NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor interacts with several prominent proteins in the postsynaptic density, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). To determine the function of these interactions, we derived transgenic mice expressing a ligand-activated carboxy-terminal NR2B fragment (cNR2B) by fusing this fragment to a tamoxifen (TAM)-dependent mutant of the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain LBD(G521R). Here, we show that induction by TAM allows the transgenic cNR2B fragment to bind to endogenous CaMKII in neurons. Activation of the LBD(G521R)-cNR2B transgenic protein in mice leads to the disruption of CaMKII/NR2B interactions at synapses. The disruption decreases Thr286 phosphorylation of alphaCaMKII, lowers phosphorylation of a key CaMKII substrate in the postsynaptic membrane (AMPA receptor subunit glutamate receptor 1), and produces deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning. Together our results demonstrate the importance of interactions between CaMKII and NR2B for CaMKII activity, synaptic plasticity, and learning

Controlling Properties of Agglomerates for Chemical Processes

Iron ore pellets are hard spheres made from powdered ore and binders. Pellets are used to make iron, mainly in blast furnaces. Around the time that the pelletizing process was developed, starch was proposed as a binder because it’s viscous, adheres well to iron oxides, does not contaminate pellets and is relatively cheap. In practice, however, starch leads to weak pellets with rough surfaces – these increase the amount of dust generated within process equipment and during pellet shipping and handling. Thus, even though the usual binder (bentonite clay) contaminates pellets, pelletizers prefer it to starch or other organics. This dissertation describes three ways to make good starch-based binders for pellets. Importantly, they solve the usual problems of weak rough pellets and lots of dust. The three approaches are: (1) Addition of clay to starch. This is not a novel idea. In fact, it is the standard method used for their improvement. However, it has not been tested extensively with starch. This approach was expected to be – and indeed was – successful. (2) Addition of a clay-rich layer to green ball surfaces. This approach is a novel idea. The coating\u27s purpose was to mimic the good surface properties of standard bentonite-clay bonded pellets; as a benefit, clay consumption was significantly reduced. This approach was successful. (3) Addition of dispersants to starch. This approach is a novel idea. The intent of the dispersants was to enable pelletization to occur at lower moisture contents, thus leading to denser particle packing and lower porosity. The dispersants resulted in significantly stronger, smoother pellets without contaminating them with silica. Using approaches 1 and 3, starch can be used directly in traditional pelletizing operations, and importantly, in new pelletizing processes for new iron making operations. For approach 2, new application methods must be developed. Future engineering work is suggested as follows: design better dispersants for magnetic magnetite ores; incorporate the dispersing agent and starch into bead form for easy use; design a simple way to add coatings in existing drum-based pelletizing circuits; and optimize the coating composition to decrease both abrasion losses and pellet clustering (for new Direct Reduction pellets)

Exploring the Possibility of Using Independent Oversight to Determine Standards for Space Vehicles Who Will Operate in the NAS

As the number of activities in space and near-space increase, both government and industry will need to consider the best practice to maintain safe operations for their activities. The National Airspace is already extremely complicated with over 5,000 flights taking off and landing daily. Standards and eventually some type of certification will need to be developed for the launch vehicles in the commercial space industry. The implementation of standards and certification will help to ensure that the spacecraft will not be a danger to the other vehicles operating in the NAS. These standards would most likely be derived from a safety organization. By exploring the standards and rules that have been developed by organizations in other industries, the commercial space industry can efficiently and effectively create standards that will not compromise safety or hinder the growth of the industry

FACTORS INFLUENCING MATERIAL LOSS DURING IRON ORE PELLET HANDLING

Iron ore concentrate pellets have the potential to fracture and abrade during transportation and handling, which produces unwanted fine particulates and dust. Consequently, pellet producers characterize the abrasion resistance of their pellets, using an Abrasion Index (AI), to indicate whether their products will produce unacceptable levels of fines. However, no one has ever investigated whether the AI correlates to pellet dustiness. During the course of this research, we investigated the relationship between AI and iron ore concentrate pellet dustiness using a wide range of industrial and laboratory pellet samples. The results showed that, in general, AI can be used to indicate high levels of dust. However, for good-quality pellets, there was no correlation between the two. Thus, dust generation from shipping and handling pellets will depend on the quantity of pellets handled and how much they are handled. These results also showed that the type of industrial furnace used to harden iron ore concentrate pellets may affect their fines generation and potential dustiness

Dietary inflammatory index in patients with Alzheimer's dementia compared to controls

Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease causing progressive memory loss, cognitive decline across numerous domains, and, eventually, loss of daily living activities. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a significant risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and is believed to be the mildest endpoint on the spectrum of AD. However, not all patients with MCI progress to AD. Understanding individual, modifiable factors influencing differences between MCI and AD can help us understand why some patients progress and others do not. One such well-studied, modifiable factor is diet. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) evaluates various dietary components on how their pro-and anti-inflammatory properties and is a tool that enables us to analyze how pro-or anti-inflammatory an individual's diet is. We found that DII significantly differs between controls, patients with MCI, and patients with AD; controls have the most anti-inflammatory diet and patients with AD having the least anti-inflammatory diet. This evidence supports the crucial role of diet and chronic inflammation in the development and progression of AD.Includes bibliographical reference